{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:50:42Z","timestamp":1792036242281,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"57","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Impaired perivascular aquaporin 4 (AQP4) polarization and glymphatic dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may delay hematoma and perihematomal edema resolution. The effects of high\u2010definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD\u2010tDCS) on glymphatic transport and recovery after ICH, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are investigated in a collagenase\u2010induced mouse model. HD\u2010tDCS (anodal stimulation, 0.1\u00a0mA, 10\u00a0min daily) significantly enhances cerebrospinal fluid influx, improves interstitial solute clearance, reduces intracerebral tracer retention, and increases drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, as assessed by in vivo two\u2010photon imaging, contrast\u2010enhanced MRI, and ex vivo tracer analysis. HD\u2010tDCS also accelerates hematoma and edema resolution, reduces midline shift and diffusion abnormalities, and improves neurological outcomes. Mechanistically, ICH induces astrocytic proinflammatory activation together with impaired perivascular AQP4 polarization, whereas HD\u2010tDCS upregulates peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3), suppresses proinflammatory astrocyte activation, and restores perivascular AQP4 localization. Astrocyte\u2010specific knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of PPAR\u03b3 attenuates HD\u2010tDCS\u2010induced AQP4 repolarization, glymphatic recovery, and neurological improvement. These findings indicate that HD\u2010tDCS promotes hematoma and edema resolution after ICH in association with PPAR\u03b3\u2010dependent astrocyte remodeling, AQP4 repolarization, and glymphatic restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.76660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:49:35Z","timestamp":1784317775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HD\u2010tDCS Restores Perivascular AQP4 Polarization via PPAR\u03b3 Modulation to Enhance Glymphatic Clearance After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9672-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei 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