{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:37:06Z","timestamp":1786700226291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22005124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22005124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Two\u2010dimensional (2D) transition\u2010metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) exhibit high electronic conductivity, large volumetric capacitance, and excellent mechanical robustness, making them attractive for electrochemical actuators (ECAs). However, the fundamental link between surface chemistry, charge\u2010storage mechanism, and macroscopic actuation remains unclear, limiting their full potential. Here, we elucidate the actuation mechanism of Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based ECAs, revealing that actuation is driven by pseudocapacitive reactions rather than by simple ion intercalation. Controlled hydrothermal treatment of Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    can tailor oxygen functional groups, boosting pseudocapacitive activity and interlayer adjustability. In situ structural analysis reveals that anomalous interlayer expansion arises from multiple hydrated ions accumulating at confined Ti\u2500O\u2500Ti active sites during pseudocapacitive reactions. Coupled with a beneficial wave\u2010like cross\u2010section morphology, the oxygen\u2010functionalized Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based solid\u2010state ECA achieves a peak\u2010to\u2010peak strain of \u223c1% at 0.05 Hz under a \u00b11 V square\u2010wave voltage, which is four times greater than the pristine Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    device, while maintaining excellent cycling stability. These findings culminate in a mechanistic framework linking atomic\u2010scale surface chemistry to macroscopic device performance, providing critical insights for designing advanced 2D material\u2010based actuators.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:08:26Z","timestamp":1786698506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anomalous Enhancement in MXene\u2010Based Electrochemical Actuators: Pseudo\u2010Capacitance\u2010Induced Multi\u2010Charge Accumulation in Confined Space"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4860-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Energy and Power Engineering Yangzhou University  Yangzhou Jiangsu 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanhai","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Energy and Power Engineering Yangzhou University  Yangzhou Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4295-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clean Energy Technology School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney  Sydney NSW 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