{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:20:38Z","timestamp":1788340838960,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a promising building block for bioelectronic and neuromorphic applications due to its high transconductance and low\u2010voltage operation. However, microstructural instability and irreversible electrochemical degradation of the organic mixed ionic\u2010electronic conductors (OMIECs) are still challenging to achieve high performance of OECTs. Here, we present an ambipolar vertical OECT in which a fluorinated passivation layer is deposited on the OMIEC surface directly by solvent\u2010free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) method without damaging the channel layer. Vapor\u2010phase infiltration of the fluoropolymer layer followed by thermal annealing induces controlled nanoscale phase separation in the OMIEC layer, enabling efficient ion doping in both p\u2010type and n\u2010type modes. Consequently, fluoropolymer\u2010passivated ambipolar vertical OECTs (FPA\u2010vOECTs) exhibit higher transconductance, far enhanced transient response, and longer operational stability. In particular, the transconductance\u2014a key figure of merit\u2014increased from 12.7 to 73.7 mS in p\u2010type and from 4.1 to 21.4 mS in n\u2010type operation. Leveraging the enhanced performance of the ambipolar vertical OECTs, we also demonstrate, for the first time, a single\u2010channel bipolar event\u2010driven spiking encoder for neuromorphic bioelectronics, enabling electrocardiogram signal encoding and spiking neural network\u2010based arrhythmia classification with 90.5% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:48:31Z","timestamp":1788338911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Damage\u2010Free Passivation of Ambipolar OECTs with Fluoropolymer Film for Enhanced Performance and Stability Toward Reliable Biosignal Processing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Junyeong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Yuseong\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Yuseong\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic and Hybrid Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"GIST InnoCORE AI\u2010Nano Convergence Institute For Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology KAIST Yuseong\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Quantum Technology Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ah","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic and Hybrid Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Nano and Information Technology KIST School University of Science and Technology of Korea (UST)  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youson","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Quantum Technology Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Gap","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Yuseong\u2010gu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KAIST Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology KAIST Yuseong\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28483-6","article-title":"Organic Electrochemical Neurons and Synapses with Ion Mediated Spiking","volume":"13","author":"Harikesh P. 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