{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:44:26Z","timestamp":1791999866422,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114\u20102628\u2010E\u2010A49\u2010012\u2010MY4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114\u20102628\u2010E\u2010A49\u2010012\u2010MY4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114\u20102112\u2010M\u2010A49\u2010014\u2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114\u20102112\u2010M\u2010A49\u2010014\u2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC115\u20102640\u2010E\u2010A49\u2010018\u2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC115\u20102640\u2010E\u2010A49\u2010018\u2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Grain boundaries (GBs) strongly influence polycrystalline ferroelectrics, but their discrete effects are difficult to isolate because of nanoscale heterogeneity. Here, we use freestanding membrane transfer to fabricate artificial  GBs with controlled, experimentally accessible in\u2010plane misorientation angles (). Macroscopic electrical measurements show higher coercive voltage and leakage current at the GB region than in the coherent grain region. Piezoresponse force microscopy directly reveals domain\u2010wall pinning at the boundary, which impedes lateral domain propagation and increases the effective switching barrier. Conductive atomic force microscopy further identifies the GB as a localized high\u2010conductance pathway, with leakage increasing strongly with,  in agreement with a Read\u2013Shockley\u2010inspired model. Temperature\u2010dependent steady\u2010state DC measurements yield an activation energy of approximately 0.032 eV at the GB, an order of magnitude lower than in the grain interior. Comparison of Schottky and Poole\u2013Frenkel analyses indicates that transport is more consistent with defect\u2010assisted, Schottky\u2010like thermally activated emission than with bulk Poole\u2013Frenkel conduction. These results establish a tunable artificial\u2010GB platform that directly correlates misorientation angle with domain\u2010wall pinning, coercive voltage, and localized leakage, providing a pathway for grain\u2010boundary engineering in ferroelectric thin\u00a0films.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:47Z","timestamp":1791996347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Grain Boundaries Created by Freestanding Membrane Transfer Reveal Angle\u2010Dependent Ferroelectric Switching and Leakage in BaTiO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8965-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin\u2010Rou","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Hsin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Guan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Cheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4380-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung\u2010Chi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4540-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Chun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Hung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching\u2010Yu","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng\u2010Jui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan\u2010Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen\u2010Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.78.275","article-title":"Dislocation Models of Crystal Grain Boundaries","volume":"78","author":"Read W. 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Part II: Grain Boundaries and Defect Pinning","volume":"53","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Materialia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2993327","article-title":"Ferroelectric Domain Wall Pinning at a Bicrystal Grain Boundary in Bismuth Ferrite","volume":"93","author":"Rodriguez B. J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applied Physics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"S.BhattacharyaandM.Higgins \u201cImaging Ferroelectric Hysteresis and Domain Wall Pinning \u201darXiv(2009): arXiv:1001.0099."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302457","article-title":"Influence of a Single Grain Boundary on Domain Wall Motion in Ferroelectrics","volume":"24","author":"Marincel D. 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A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202309543","article-title":"Freestanding Perovskite Oxide Membranes: A New Playground for Novel Ferroic Properties and Applications","volume":"34","author":"Han L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4332(98)00342-0","article-title":"Asymmetric Rocking Curve Study of the Crystal Structure Orientations for BaTiO3${\\rm BaTiO}_3$ Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition","volume":"136","author":"Li C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied Surface Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406248","article-title":"Periodic Domain Inversion in Single Crystal Barium Titanate\u2010on\u2010Insulator Thin Film","volume":"11","author":"Aashna P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2024.100939","article-title":"Influence of Electrode Contact Arrangements on Polarisation\u2010Electric Field Measurements of Ferroelectric Ceramics: A Case Study of BaTiO3${\\rm BaTiO}_3$","volume":"11","author":"Carroll E. L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Materiomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.11.028","article-title":"Defect Redistribution along Grain Boundaries in SrTiO3 by Externally Applied Electric Fields","volume":"43","author":"Qu B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the European Ceramic Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4961988","article-title":"Determination of Intrinsic Ferroelectric Polarization in Lossy Improper Ferroelectric Systems","volume":"109","author":"Chowdhury U.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Physics Letters"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201700309","article-title":"Ferroelectric\u2010Like Charge Trapping Thin\u2010Film Transistors and Their Evaluation as Memories and Synaptic Devices","volume":"3","author":"Daus A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advanced Electronic Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.01.080","article-title":"Grain Boundaries in Ultrafine Grained Materials Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation and Related Phenomena","volume":"540","author":"Sauvage X.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: A"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202409113","article-title":"Interfacial\u2010Polarization Engineering in BNT\u2010Based Bulk Ceramics for Ultrahigh Energy\u2010Storage Density","volume":"11","author":"Cao W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Science"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.77239","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1791996353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.77239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.77239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.77239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e77239"}}