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However, existing reviews often address materials chemistry or device fabrication in isolation, obscuring the systemic path to clinical translation. This review establishes a cohesive, translation\u2010focused linear trajectory starting from foundational functional biomaterials and advanced fabrication techniques, transitioning into a performance benchmarking of diagnostics\u2010oriented systems and closed\u2010loop theranostic platforms. Through these vectors, we systematically evaluate how microfluidic transport, multiplexed molecular analytics, and autonomous therapeutic integration collectively drive the shift from passive tracking to adaptive intervention. Beyond physical hardware, we decode the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) across three precise pathways: sensor self\u2010calibration, multiplexed molecular decoding, and on\u2010device autonomous decision\u2010making. 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