{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:28:08Z","timestamp":1787329688481,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008570","name":"Southern Illinois University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are essential for timely clinical decision\u2010making. Conventional diagnostic methods typically require 24\u201348\u00a0h, leading to inappropriate empirical therapy, accelerating antimicrobial resistance, and worsening patient outcomes. Here, we present an integrated diagnostic platform that combines microfluidic single\u2010cell bacterial detection with artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010driven analysis for rapid phenotypic AST. The microfluidic device enables stable time\u2010lapse detection of individual bacterial cells under designated, controlled antibiotic exposure, with a U\u2010Net\u2013based AI model that automatically segments and quantifies the drug response of individual bacterial cells using phase\u2010contrast microscopy images. The trained model identified 96% of individual\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) cells and showed no false\u2010positive predictions on bacteria\u2010free images. Applied to AST, the integrated system quantified dose\u2010dependent growth inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, yielding resistance profiles, along with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), within 2\u00a0h. These results are consistent with standard broth microdilution, demonstrating the potential of integrating microfluidics and AI for rapid, automated, and single\u2010cell\u2013resolved pathogen diagnosis. Beyond rapid AST, the integrated microfluidic\u2010AI platform was further evaluated for automated identification of targeted infections, including\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the presence of blood matrices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:26:56Z","timestamp":1787326016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence\u2010Empowered Single\u2010Cell Phenotyping for Rapid, Automated Pathogen Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Sabita","family":"Khadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Southern Illinois University  Carbondale Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Raahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Southern Illinois University  Carbondale Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Tragoudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Southern Illinois University  Carbondale Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Southern Illinois University  Carbondale Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System\u2014 Manual for Early Implementation 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0327-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00086\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02434\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c09883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00034E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010anchem\u2010061318\u2010115529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010022\u201000190\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201066238\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC01353F"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00963F"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529\u2010018\u201002638\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00514K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC01212E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00311C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC50935D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201007725\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819569116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4004248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201059736\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202101254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00865J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00937G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02236\u201002220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010022\u201001639\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201031012\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u2010C.Chen Y.Zhu G.Papandreou F.Schroff andH.Adam \u201cEncoder\u2010Decoder With Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation \u201d inProceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)(Springer 2018) 801\u2013818.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.He G.Gkioxari P.Doll\u00e1r andR.Girshick \u201cMask r\u2010cnn \u201d inProceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision(IEEE 2017) 2961\u20132969.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.Ronneberger P.Fischer andT.Brox \u201cU\u2010Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation \u201d inInternational Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention(Springer 2015) 234\u2013241 part III 18.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010018\u20100261\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U.Schmidt M.Weigert C.Broaddus andG.Myers \u201cCell Detection With Star\u2010Convex Polygons \u201d inInternational Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention(Springer 2018) 265\u2013273.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00934-2_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010020\u201001018\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1988.tb04058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.3.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1683\u20101687.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz226"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00916C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","volume-title":"M100 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.77334","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:26:58Z","timestamp":1787326018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.77334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.77334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.77334","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e77334"}}