{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:11:58Z","timestamp":1788502318923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000234581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000234581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102019\u2010NR040077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102019\u2010NR040077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding how population structure shapes viral transmission remains challenging because most in vitro models assume well\u2010mixed conditions and lack spatial structure. We present a Herd\u2010Immunity\u2010on\u2010a\u2010Chip (HIC) platform\u2014a 444\u2010chamber microfluidic network that recreates structured populations\u2014and apply it to human coronavirus 229E infecting MRC\u20105 fibroblasts. By varying initial inoculum (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), susceptible density (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), cell motility, and the fraction of non\u2010susceptible cells (\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), we decode how seeding, density, immunity and movement reshape outbreak trajectories. Increasing\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    raised local contact rates, reduced effective intercellular spacing, and increased the reproduction number (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), accelerating spread. In contrast, higher\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    suppressed transmission; with\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2265 80% of the fixed uninfected population (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), outbreaks collapsed (herd immunity). Independently, lowering\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    slowed early spread but did not, alone, prevent eventual transmission. We integrate the data with mathematical modelling of spatial, contact\u2010structured transmission to quantify changes in\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    and apparent herd\u2010immunity thresholds. HIC offers a generalizable, bench\u2010top framework for outbreak forecasting and intervention testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:14:39Z","timestamp":1788498879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding Viral Transmission Dynamics in Structured Populations Using a Microfluidic Herd\u2010Immunity\u2010on\u2010a\u2010Chip Platform"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6521-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiande","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narina","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS)  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min\u2010Hyeok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyoung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5224-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Mook","family":"Weon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungsu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Quantum Biophysics (iQB) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201012364\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201095025\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201076710\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071\u2010020\u201005743\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831\u2010021\u201009634\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201031880\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403510121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00651D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"Anderson R. 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