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Our study reveals that decreased abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species correlates with ulcerative colitis severity in patients. Among tested strains,\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    A736, isolated from traditional fermented foods, demonstrated protective effects in ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)\u2010induced colitis in a mouse model. Strikingly, multi\u2010omics analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    A736 uniquely enhances choline acetyltransferase\u2010expressing (ChAT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) neurons in the enteric nervous system and elevates acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Further analysis identified that\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    A736 metabolizes tryptophan to produce indole\u20103\u2010lactic acid (ILA), and supplementation with ILA significantly mimics this strain's anti\u2010inflammatory effects by restoring ChAT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons and cholinergic signaling. Crucially, selective ablation of colonic ChAT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons abolished the protective effect of both\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    A736 and ILA, establishing their essential role in mediating these effects. These findings demonstrate that microbial metabolites can modulate enteric neuronal circuits to regulate gut immunity. The identified ILA\u2010ChAT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neuron axis represents a novel neuro\u2010immune pathway that could be targeted for IBD treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:55:25Z","timestamp":1792043725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enteric ChAT\u2010Expressing Neurons Mediate the Protective Effect of\n                    <i>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/i>\n                    in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eco\u2010Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China School of Water Resources and 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