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However, the role of neutrophils in cancer progression is complex and context\u2010dependent, and they are underexplored as therapeutic targets for cancer compared with other immune cell types. Microphysiological systems, also known as complex in vitro models, have emerged as powerful tools for deciphering immune cell\u2010cancer interactions and preclinical drug testing due to the advantages of real\u2010time visualization of cell behaviors, precise control of microenvironments, and incorporation of human cells over in vivo animal models. This review first summarizes the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in cancer as defined by in vivo animal models and highlights recently developed strategies to mobilize neutrophils for cancer treatment. 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Lastly, future opportunities for microphysiological systems to address key challenges in the clinical translation of neutrophil\u2010based cancer immunotherapy are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:42:57Z","timestamp":1789364577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging Microphysiological Systems to Facilitate Neutrophil\u2010Based Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering The University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas 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