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Although numerous catalysts demonstrate excellent half\u2010cell activities toward the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction, their practical application in battery\u2010driven water electrolysis remains challenging. The major bottleneck is multiscale mismatch, which involves conflicting adsorption energetics at atomic sites, unstable gas\u2011liquid\u2011solid interfaces at electrodes, device degradation under alternating charge\u2011discharge and electrolysis modes, and voltage\u2011power imbalances at the system level. This review goes beyond conventional material summaries by constructing a catalyst\u2013electrode\u2013device\u2013system framework to systematically examine how electronic modulation, defect engineering, heterostructure design, single\u2010atom site tuning, and self\u2010supported electrode construction influence intrinsic activity, mass transport, interfacial durability, and overall cell performance. Importantly, the actual operating point of the coupled system is determined by the intersection of the battery discharge curve and the electrolyzer polarization curve, rather than by isolated half\u2011cell metrics alone. 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