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To address these limitations, scaffold\u2010based 3D culture systems have emerged as powerful platforms that leverage engineered biomaterials to mimic key physical and biochemical properties of the native tumor microenvironment (TME). This review systematically examines the latest advances in biomimetic scaffold\u2010based 3D tumor models. We first outline the principal biomaterials used in scaffold fabrication, including natural and synthetic polymers, hybrid composites, and decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM). We then discuss scaffold design strategies to replicate key hallmarks of cancer, including matrix stiffness, hypoxia, metabolic gradients, viscoelasticity, cell adhesion, proteolytic remodeling, and multicellular crosstalk. Furthermore, we highlight the application of these models in drug screening, personalized medicine, radiotherapy testing, and the study of metastasis and recurrence. 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