{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:53:06Z","timestamp":1791478386811,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010SC0019409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010SC0019409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MPS\u2010T\u2010MPS\u201000839543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPS\u2010T\u2010MPS\u201000839543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006188","name":"Einstein Stiftung Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EVF\u20102023\u2010797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVF\u20102023\u2010797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006732","name":"New York University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Structured electrolytes based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) face electrochemical limitations of vehicular diffusion due to high viscosities often leading to low conductivities. Here, we demonstrate that the inverse relationship between viscosity and conductivity in DESs can be circumvented by leveraging their hydrogen bonding networks for Grotthuss proton transport. Using DESs comprising imidazole and levulinic acid, we show that the existence of extended hydrogen\u2010bonded chains coupled with rapid reorientation of protonated imidazoles result in enhanced Grotthuss proton diffusion in these concentrated hydrogen\u2010bonded electrolyte systems. Key machine\u2010learning driven simulations \u2013 crucially incorporating nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) \u2013 validate our experimental findings, which classical simulations fail to capture. This study demonstrates that NQEs promote imidazole protonation, catalyze the hydrogen\u2010bonded chain formation, and influence chain reorientation, resulting in enhanced dynamics surpassing classical predictions in structured electrolytes. While the conclusions are drawn here for a particular imidazole\/acid system, they are expected to apply broadly to protic DESs that support chain\u2010like structures and exploit Grotthuss diffusion as the primary charge\u2010transport\u00a0mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:05:09Z","timestamp":1791475509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonlinear Quantum Effects Drive Grotthuss Proton Conduction in Structured Electrolytes Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benworth B.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0767-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giselle de A. L. e","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College of City University of New York New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaylie","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0699-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2538-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Pelegano\u2010Titmuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College of City University of New York New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hightower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathiesh","family":"Pandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Burda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Sanida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Dadmun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-3350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu E.","family":"Gurkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve G.","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College of City University of New York New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2194-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Tuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"NYU\u2010ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5483-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Sangoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0500030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200177j"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c09106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1953.0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp067073a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm950192a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013\u20104686(97)10031\u20107"},{"issue":"1806","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Sur la D\u00e9composition de L'eau et des Corps Qu'elle Tient En Dissolution \u00e0 L'aide de L'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 Galvanique","volume":"58","author":"De Grotthuss C.","year":"1806","journal-title":"Annales de Chimie"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(95)00905-J","article-title":"The Grotthuss Mechanism","volume":"244","author":"Agmon N.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chemical Physics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20102738(01)00941\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp022347p"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800171k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c01744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1496457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevb.76.134301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp800342y"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1329","article-title":"The Mechanism of Proton Conduction in Phosphoric Acid","volume":"4","author":"Vil\u010diauskas L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2013.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c05820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b09396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b02610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101441s"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b01887"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP03058K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP03093F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.120.136001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2530367122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201800436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202400508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/ac58c6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2023.143517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/ad0c66"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2013.07.003","article-title":"First Principles Molecular Dynamics Study of Proton Dynamics and Transport in Phosphoric Acid\/imidazole (2: 1) System","volume":"252","author":"Vil\u010diauskas L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp508994c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c01744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121899"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","series-title":"Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64307-0.00006-8","volume-title":"Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals","author":"Malu T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.07.039","article-title":"New Levulinic Acid\u2010based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Synthesis and Physicochemical Property Determination","volume":"222","author":"Li G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Liquids"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0080470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.465188"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198825562.001.0001","volume-title":"Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Molecular Simulation, Second Edition","author":"Tuckerman M. E.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1777575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"P.Th\u00f6lkeandG. D.Fabritiis \u201cTorchMD\u2010NET: Equivariant Transformers for Neural Network Based Molecular Potentials \u201d (2022) arxiv:2202.02541."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040\u20104020(98)01015\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.1c02266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103093(88)90447\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","volume-title":"Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy","author":"Kremer F.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01914805"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1695690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.463940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3382344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/002689797170220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2004.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.467146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.1703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","unstructured":"P.Th\u00f6lkeandG.De Fabritiis \u201cTorchMD\u2010NET: Equivariant Transformers for Neural Network based Molecular Potentials \u201d (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.4c00253"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Krogh A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0016004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2013.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2018.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2408420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2010.04.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3073889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3245303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.478193"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77781","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.77781","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.77781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:05:12Z","timestamp":1791475512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.77781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.77781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.77781","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e77781"}}