{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:55:02Z","timestamp":1791172502314,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessing contaminant\u2010induced dysfunction in complex living systems is critical, but remains technically challenging. Current methods rely predominantly on destructive endpoint readouts or low\u2010dimensional measurements, which often fail to detect early sublethal changes in freely behaving organisms. Here, we develop Polarization Holographic Imaging Microscopy (PHIM), a multiscale phenotyping framework that integrates polarization\u2010sensitive holography with computational volumetric reconstruction for label\u2010free analysis of living zooplankton in natural seawater. Without mechanical scanning, PHIM resolves four\u2010dimensional (4D) locomotor dynamics and endogenous structural anisotropy. Using marine rotifers as a model zooplankton organism, we show that exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics spanning 20\u2013500 nm does not simply suppress motility, but redistributes organisms into distinct locomotor regimes characterized by altered exploration, reorientation dynamics, and behavioral phenotypes. In parallel, the polarization contrast associated with the digestive vesicles was markedly reduced and spatially associated with fluorescence\u2010validated nanoplastic accumulation. Orthogonal calcium imaging further reveals accompanying physiological perturbations. These findings establish polarization holographic 4D phenotyping as a scalable and sensitive platform for multiscale assessment of contaminant\u2010induced dysfunction in living aquatic\u00a0organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:47:15Z","timestamp":1791172035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polarization Holographic 4D Phenotyping Reveals Nanoplastic Induced Dysfunction in Zooplankton"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8128-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5129-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1523-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuen\u2010Wa","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chutian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Kar\u2010Hei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Health City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China"},{"name":"PolyU\u2010BGI Joint Research Centre for Genomics and Synthetic Biology in Global Ocean Resources The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Tsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Hong Kong Science Park New Territories Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6268-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund Y.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8071","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09218-1","article-title":"Nanoplastic Concentrations Across the North Atlantic","volume":"643","author":"Ten Hietbrink S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6720","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2746","article-title":"Twenty Years of Microplastic Pollution Research\u2013What Have We Learned?","volume":"386","author":"Thompson R. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of Microplastics in Decedent Human Brains","volume":"31","author":"Nihart A. 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M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10813-0","article-title":"Brain Damage and Behavioural Disorders in Fish Induced by Plastic Nanoparticles Delivered Through the Food Chain","volume":"7","author":"Mattsson K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10984","article-title":"Swim in Plastics: Clean Nanoplastics Cause Minimal Mortality But Alter Neurobehavioral and Molecular Rhythms in Fish","volume":"59","author":"Duan X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay4054","article-title":"Nano\u2010and Microplastics Affect the Composition of Freshwater Benthic Communities in the Long Term","volume":"6","author":"Redondo\u2010Hasselerharm P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12630","article-title":"Sublethal Effects of Contaminants on Marine Habitat\u2010Forming Species: A Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"95","author":"Mayer\u2010Pinto M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208070109","article-title":"Compensatory Mechanisms For Ameliorating the Fundamental Trade\u2010Off Between Predator Avoidance and Foraging","volume":"109","author":"Thaler J. 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B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26784-w","article-title":"Entropy\u2010Based Metrics For Predicting Choice Behavior Based on Local Response to Reward","volume":"12","author":"Trepka E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-022-00322-9","article-title":"Recent Trends in Movement Ecology of Animals and Human Mobility","volume":"10","author":"Joo R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Movement Ecology"},{"issue":"49","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800375105","article-title":"A Movement Ecology Paradigm For Unifying Organismal Movement Research","volume":"105","author":"Nathan R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2008.10.002","article-title":"First Description of the Serotonergic Nervous System in a Bdelloid Rotifer: Macrotrachela Quadricornifera Milne 1886 (Philodinidae)","volume":"248","author":"Leasi F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoologischer Anzeiger"},{"issue":"1885","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1297","article-title":"Direct and Indirect Effects of Chemical Contaminants on the Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution of Wildlife","volume":"285","author":"Saaristo M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-092","article-title":"Behavioral Decisions Made Under The Risk of Predation: A Review and Prospectus","volume":"68","author":"Lima S. L.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0629-6","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Disrupt Glucose Metabolism and Cortisol Levels With a Possible Link to Behavioural Changes in Larval Zebrafish","volume":"2","author":"Brun N. R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"5056","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Disrupt the Intestinal Microenvironment by Altering Bacteria\u2010Host Interactions Through Extracellular Vesicle\u2010Delivered Micrornas","volume":"16","author":"Hsu W.\u2010H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Fourier Optics","author":"Goodman J. 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