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Without excess sodium, small inefficiencies in nucleation, interphase formation, and cross\u2010electrode reactions accumulate into irreversible capacity loss, and advances in materials design frequently fail to survive practical conditions. Here we establish a mechanism\u2010informed framework that resolves the sodium inventory into reversible, dead, and chemically bound fractions, each tied to a measurable quantity, and apply it across current collectors, electrolytes, cathodes, separators, and solid\u2010state architectures. Because Coulombic efficiency reports only the sum of two loss channels that scale differently, we derive the efficiency required for practical operation rather than assuming it: 500 cycles at N\/P = 0 demands an average above 99.95%. Screened against lean\u2010electrolyte and high\u2010areal\u2010capacity criteria, few reported systems approach this threshold, and most omit the electrolyte loading at which their efficiency is obtained. We identify operando diagnostics and quantitative morphological descriptors as the missing tools for predictive design. AFSMBs are therefore integration\u2010limited rather than materials\u2010limited, and progress depends on translating interfacial control into manufacturable cell architectures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:18:36Z","timestamp":1790788716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anode\u2010Free Sodium Metal Batteries: From Materials Design to System\u2010Level Integration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Future Science Research Institute ZJU\u2010Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 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