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Prospective coding optimizes future actions, while retrospective coding helps learn from past experiences. The grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) play a key role in spatial navigation, with periodic firing fields to encode current position. While their role in prospective coding has been reported recently, whether and how grid cells exhibit retrospective coding (encoding past paths) remains unclear. Here, we combined large\u2010scale two\u2010photon imaging in freely moving mice with well\u2010established analytical approaches to identify and characterize retrospective grid cells in the MEC. We identified the retrospective grid cells, which encoded path history, showing maximal gridness score at backward\u2010shifted positions (\u223c15\u00a0cm), independent of calcium transient kinetics. Retrospective grid coding showed reduced spatial precision in darkness and was disrupted during assisted movement, indicating that its stable expression depends on sensory and behavioral conditions. In simulations, incorporating retrospective information into a path\u2010integration model reduced accumulated position error and improved model performance across varying movement speeds. These findings support a dual\u2010coding framework where retrospective and prospective cells jointly optimize navigation accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.77884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T18:00:31Z","timestamp":1790532031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Grid Cells in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex Encode Past Paths During Spatial Navigation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ruojin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology School of Life Science Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"PKU\u2010IDG\/McGovern Institute For Brain Research Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center For Life Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Peking University Chengdu Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Biotechnologies  Chengdu 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