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Unlike conventional smart materials, which remain externally programmed and limited in regenerative capacity, ELMs leverage the intrinsic capabilities of microorganisms, fungi, algae, and mammalian cells to support continuous environmental interaction and feedback\u2010regulated behavior. These systems retain metabolically active biological components that can grow, sense, communicate, adapt, and, in some cases, self\u2010repair and self\u2010regenerate, positioning autonomy as the defining capacity of these next\u2010generation materials. Recent advances in synthetic biology, including programmable gene circuits, quorum\u2010sensing communication, and metabolic engineering, enable living components to execute closed\u2010loop decision\u2010making and maintain functionality with minimal external input. These capabilities are driving innovations across construction, agriculture, environmental remediation, bioenergy, and biomedicine, where ELMs enable functions such as damage\u2010triggered mineralization, adaptive pollutant degradation, and therapeutic self\u2010regulation. Despite this promise, key challenges remain in evolutionary stability, biocontainment, long\u2010term viability, and scalable manufacturing. This Review examines the design principles, current challenges, and translational pathways toward self\u2010maintainable and autonomous living materials capable of sustained operation in real\u2010world environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.78082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:35:35Z","timestamp":1792002935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Potential of Self\u2010Maintainable Living Materials"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2513-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadsadegh","family":"Nadimifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark  Kongens Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3404-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiane","family":"Eufr\u00e1sio\u2010da\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark  Kongens Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Maeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Sustainable Pharmacy &amp; 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