{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:58:15Z","timestamp":1792061895561,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62204140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62204219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62204219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12404263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12404263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fourier transform (FT) is an indispensable mathematical foundation for frequency\u2010domain analysis in modern signal processing. However, conventional FT hardware relies on complex digital logic circuits, leading to high power consumption and poor adaptability. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with time\u2010to\u2010first spike (TTFS) encoding offer advantages in energy efficiency, yet existing TTFS encoders suffer from high operating voltage, slow encoding speed, complex peripheral circuits, and redundant spike outputs. Here, we propose a compact, ultralow\u2010voltage, and ultra\u2010fast single\u2010spike TTFS encoder based on a Pt\/TaO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/V device. The device exhibits reliable threshold switching, for which the combined experimental and computational results support a proposed mechanism coupling oxygen vacancies\u2010assisted conduction in TaO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    with a thermally driven conductivity change in a VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010like interfacial region. Moreover, it achieves single\u2010spike TTFS encoding at an ultralow voltage of \u223c0.35\u00a0V with sub\u2010microsecond (\u223c100\u00a0ns) encoding speed in a simplified circuit configuration. Systematic characterizations on multi\u2010tone signals, digitized speech segments, and linear frequency\u2010modulated non\u2010stationary signals demonstrate that the SNN\u2010FFT system achieves spectral fidelity highly consistent with standard FFT, while maintaining strong sparsity and low power consumption. This work not only develops a high\u2010performance TTFS spike encoder but also provides a feasible and efficient solution for low\u2010power, real\u2010time, miniaturized neuromorphic FT hardware.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.78217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:42:27Z","timestamp":1792060947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Compact and Fast Single\u2010Spike TTFS Encoder With Ultralow Operating Voltage for Efficient Neuromorphic Fourier Transform"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirou","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengzhong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZJU\u2010Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center College of Integrated Circuits Zhejiang University (ZJU)  Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2283-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Hengqin  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(90)90158-U","article-title":"Fast Fourier Transforms: A Tutorial Review and a State of the Art","volume":"19","author":"Duhamel P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. T.Cochran J. W.Cooley andD. L.Favin \u201cWhat Is the Fast Fourier Transform? \u201d inProceedings of the IEEE55(IEEE 1967) 1664\u20131674.","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1967.5957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19840012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2329131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2023.107670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668\u2010023\u201001616\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2022.3162708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Wang H.Zheng andY.Chen \u201cSNN\u2010FT: Temporal\u2010Coded Spiking Neural Networks for Fourier Transform \u201d inIEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems37(IEEE 2025) 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3622893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0302387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106463\/ae048b"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0257883","article-title":"Reconfigurable Graded Adaptive Asymmetry\u2010Schottky\u2010Barrier Phototransistor for Artificial Visual System With zJ\u2010Energy Record","volume":"12","author":"Song H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Physics Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3111897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.638474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010025\u201001074\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201065197\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063\u2010021\u201010562\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201022332\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201048103\u20109"},{"issue":"33","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202403678","article-title":"An Ion\u2010Mediated Spiking Chemical Neuron Based on Mott Memristor","volume":"36","author":"Ren H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2025.3580157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202508585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/flm2.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c11481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC00149H"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-025-01433-y","article-title":"A Biologically Inspired Artificial Neuron with Intrinsic Plasticity Based on Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide","volume":"8","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202408233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c19107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202511168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202522606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010025\u201001544\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202531113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR06406B"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","article-title":"Bifunctional Device with High\u2010Energy Storage Density and Ultralow Current Analog Resistive Switching","volume":"7","author":"Liu Q.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advanced Electronic Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201039430\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201031747\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0927\u20100256(96)00008\u20100"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17953","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.17953","article-title":"Projector Augmented\u2010Wave Method","volume":"50","author":"Bl\u00f6chl P. 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