{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:48:40Z","timestamp":1791866920479,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000351167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000351167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201024534078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201024534078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Energy harvesting from low\u2010acceleration, broadband vehicular vibrations remains challenging due to low\u2010amplitude and random frequency nature of such excitations, often poorly matched to conventional narrowband spring\u2010mass designs. Herein, a hybrid spring\u2010coupled broadband vehicle vibration energy harvesting(VEH) and triboelectric vibration sensing(TVS) module is proposed that exploits coupled mechanical resonance and frequency disparity between spring elements to achieve vibration amplification under low\u2010amplitude and wide\u2010frequency excitations. VEH combines the motion dynamics of high stiffness 3D printed multiturn wave spring and low\u2010stiffness metallic disc spring, enabling simultaneous vibration of coil and magnet for enhanced mechanoelectrical conversion over braoder frequency (1\u201330 Hz). Simulations and experiments confirmed that the dual\u2010spring coupling yields superior mechanoelectrical conversion (above 50%) under 0.5 g with peak and average powers of 260 mW(5.72 mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and 88 mW(1.89 mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Furthermore, lightweight spiral spring\u2010integration with PAN\u2010CuSCN composite nanofiber provides self\u2010powered vibration sensing through its pronounced tribonegative response as compared to the pristine nanofiber, enabling accurate road classification(&gt;95%) and speed classification (84.1%) with minimum detection upto 0.075g. This dual\u2010functional module combining broadband energy harvesting, self\u2010powered vibration sensing with miniaturized PCB, integrated sensors and BLE allows continuous operation in realistic vehicular vibration environments, establishing a reliable framework for self\u2010sustainable vehicular environmental monitoring systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.78228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:29:48Z","timestamp":1791865788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Spring\u2010Coupled Broadband Energy Harvester Integrated with CuSCN Functionalized Triboelectric Vibration Sensor for Self\u2010Sustainable Vehicular IoTs"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trilochan","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0285-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagan Bahadur","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shital","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MoonSeong","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5267-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aklesh","family":"Teli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1574-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hochan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-5151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Yeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human IoT Focused Research Center Kwangwoon University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"SnE Solutions Co. Ltd.  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2658662","article-title":"Overview of Environment Perception for Intelligent Vehicles","volume":"18","author":"Zhu H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","article-title":"Vehicle Remote Health Monitoring and Prognostic Maintenance System","volume":"1","author":"Shafi U.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104222","article-title":"Autonomous Condition Monitoring\u2010based Pavement Management System","volume":"138","author":"Shon H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.37256\/jeee.5120269605","article-title":"Design, Fabrication and Experimental Validation of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Smart Vehicles","volume":"1","author":"Basharat Z.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111529","article-title":"Adaptive Vibration\u2010rotation Integrated Modulator for Harvesting Low\u2010frequency Energy toward Self\u2010powered Vehicle Intrusion Alarming System","volume":"146","author":"Zhai K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2025.104187","article-title":"Energy Harvesting Technologies on High\u2010Speed Railway Infrastructure: Review and Comparative Analysis of the Potential and Practicality","volume":"74","author":"Sun W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4271\/10-07-04-0035","article-title":"Research and Development on Noise, Vibration, and Harshness of Road Vehicles Using Driving Simulators\u2014A Review","volume":"07","author":"Xue H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109793","article-title":"Polymeric Multilayered Planar Spring\u2010based Hybrid Nanogenerator Integrated with a Self\u2010powered Vibration Sensor for Automotive Vehicles IoT Applications","volume":"127","author":"Bhatta T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120523","article-title":"Harnessing Energy from Suspension Systems of Oceanic Vehicles with High\u2010performance Piezoelectric Generators","volume":"228","author":"Li Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj17020092","article-title":"Design and Performance Analysis of a Vehicle Vibration Energy Harvester Based on Piezoelectric Technology with Nonlinear Magnetic Coupling","volume":"17","author":"Ma J.","year":"2026","journal-title":"World Electric Vehicle Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.12.061","article-title":"A Spring\u2010based Resonance Coupling for Hugely Enhancing the Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Low\u2010frequency Vibration Energy","volume":"32","author":"Wu C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124622","article-title":"Innovative Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester with Free\u2010rotating Mass for Passive Resonant Frequency Tuning","volume":"377","author":"Ells D. 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