{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:29:03Z","timestamp":1785176943330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Elect Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Organic light\u2010emitting diodes (OLEDs) have rapidly evolved from rigid to flexible and stretchable displays, with applications expanding into wearable and bioelectronic devices. This expansion exposes the devices to harsh environmental conditions, including moisture, oxygen, heat, and mechanical stress. Due to these external stress factors, the need for effective encapsulation technologies has become increasingly critical to ensure long\u2010term device stability. his review focuses on next\u2010generation OLED encapsulation technologies suitable for application in wearable and bioelectronic devices. It begins by summarizing conventional encapsulation methods followed by an introduction to representative barrier performance evaluation techniques, including water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) measurements and mechanical durability testing. The review then analyzes OLED degradation mechanisms and explains how encapsulation can effectively suppress these failure pathways. Finally, thin film encapsulation (TFE) structures and design strategies are discussed in the context of their integration into flexible and bioelectronic applications. By comprehensively reviewing OLED degradation mechanisms and recent advances in encapsulation research, this review provides a valuable foundation for the design of encapsulation strategies aimed at ensuring the reliability of next\u2010generation flexible and bioelectronic display devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202500475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:33Z","timestamp":1762236633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Encapsulation Strategies for OLEDs: From Conventional Devices to Flexible and Biointegrated Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jangho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Display Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kijun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  MA 02139 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungmok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Display Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul 03722 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.98799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202005630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/357477a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Springer Nature Series","author":"Koden M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"E. Y.Ma S. D.Theiss M. M.Lu C.\u2010C.Wu J. C.Sturm S.Wagner inConf. Rec. International Display Res. Conf. Society for Information Display Toronto 1997 15\u201319 pp.L78\u201381."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15980316.2022.2035835"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15980316.2024.2350437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429263941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04895-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.14667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg9180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2357568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3151705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2015.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. E.Burrows G. L.Graff M. E.Gross P. M.Martin M.Hall E.Mast C. C.Bonham W. D.Bennett L. A.Michalski M. S.Weaver J. J.Brown D.Fogarty L. S.Sapochak inOrganic Light\u2010Emitting Materials and Devices IV Proc. SPIE 4105SPIE International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology San Diego CA USA 2000 75.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.416878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.110210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400704v"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.71.001115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"E.Cuddihy C.Coulbert A.Gupta R.Liang Module Encapsulation Task: Volume VII Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena California 1986 https:\/\/resolver.caltech.edu\/JPLpub86\u201031\u2010volumeVII(accessed: January 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2010.11.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-1199(01)00025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2024019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.03.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14448\/japr.01.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00423-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(00)00311-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00019-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2024.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"W.Huang A. M.Memari 3rd Residential Building Design & Construction Conference Pennsylvania Housing Research Center State College Pennsylvania 2016 340."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Organic Materials for Electronic and Photonic Devices","author":"Viswanathan B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume":"2016","author":"Mazlan N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9090579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"R.Adam 1st Annual Technical Conference Proceedings IEEE Chicago IL 2008 19."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2221912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.61.2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2747168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"88","volume":"5214","author":"Paetzold R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3584903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2015.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.2001214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp076866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2168489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2017.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2023.128289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.202401014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4828872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605269113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15082829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA06571F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00303-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201300986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c01862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1364658"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm040081o"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2016.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2432051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2016.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.26863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1616-3028(200104)11:2<116::AID-ADFM116>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201205022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43840-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2015.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4903800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3448035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2015.2451106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp046509o"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2003.11.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1491002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(97)00941-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(200002)12:4<265::AID-ADMA265>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2016.10.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/16.605461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la0015213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.50.08KE02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am300600s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.06.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2021.110741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp505974j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3153123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200803440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2016.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202400381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP06713H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b14040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA00023A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b11930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c01974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202100045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b06076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23203-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201800326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2010.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b02268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202310268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.156121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH00669G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1565683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0488(19970715)35:9<1449::AID-POLB15>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0488(19970715)35:9<1463::AID-POLB16>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202103039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00112-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202312740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55992-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42775-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00428-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48396-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00303-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b15404"}],"container-title":["Advanced Electronic Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aelm.202500475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T03:42:48Z","timestamp":1764128568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aelm.202500475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aelm.202500475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aelm.202500475","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-160X","2199-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-160X","type":"print"},{"value":"2199-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00475"}}