{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:36:54Z","timestamp":1789925814766,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R18HS025915\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R18HS025915\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AEM Education and Training"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We offered a workshop at the 2023 annual meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine to teach the Sort\u2013Assess\u2013Lifesaving Interventions\u2013Treatment\/Transport (SALT) triage protocol for responding to mass casualty incidents (MCIs) using an immersive virtual reality (VR) simulator. Here, we report workshop outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a 1\u2010h didactic on the basics of triage protocols, workshop participants rotated through three skill stations at which learners learned how to use the VR headset and controllers, practiced applying SALT triage skills through a tabletop exercise, and then finally used our VR simulator for training responses to MCIs. During their encounter with VR, participants applied their new knowledge to triaging and treating the victims of an explosion in a virtual subway station. After a brief orientation, participants entered the scene to treat and triage virtual patients who had various life\u2010threatening (e.g., acute arterial bleed, penetrating injury, pneumothorax, amputations) and non\u2013life\u2010threatening injuries (lacerations, sprains, hysteria, confusion). The simulator generated a performance report for each workshop attendee to be used for debriefing by a skilled facilitator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were mostly trainees (residents), all of whom properly initiated their encounter with global sort commands (walk and wave) to identify the most critically injured. On average, participants correctly treated 92% of 18 injuries, with all bleeding injuries being properly controlled (tourniquets or wound packing). On average, participants correctly tagged 87.7% of 11 patients, but only took the pulse of 67% of the 11 patients. Learners had difficulty with cases involving embedded shrapnel and properly tagging patients who were stable after treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our VR simulator provided a practical, portable, reproducible training and assessment system for preparing future emergency medical systems (EMS) medical directors to teach their EMS professionals the triage and lifesaving intervention treatment skills needed to save lives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T17:26:48Z","timestamp":1716226008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implementation of a workshop for mass casualty incident triage training using an immersive virtual reality simulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Kman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish R.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Sharkey\u2010Toppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1896-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Statement before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security: \u201cThe Evolution of Domestic Terrorism\u201d","author":"Jones SG","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221078813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69896-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"irst Responder Guide for Improving Survivability in Improvised Explosive Device and\/or Active Shooter Incidents","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/emed.2016.0046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1246-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"START Support Services.Los Angeles Fire Department Disaster Preparedness Section.2005. Accessed September 13 2023.https:\/\/www.cert\u2010la.com\/downloads\/education\/english\/start.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.3.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e31818d191e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e318182194e"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Theoretical bases for using virtual reality in education","volume":"2","author":"Chen CJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Themes Sci Technol Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000120"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Pediatric triage, a system to JumpSTART your triage of young patients at MCIs","volume":"27","author":"Romig LE","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Serv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Meta Oculus.oculus.com. Facebook Reality Labs. Accessed December 15 2022.https:\/\/www.meta.com\/quest\/products\/quest\u20102\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Patient Triage Practice Scenarios","author":"Kman NE","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Unity Pro.Unity Technologies. Accessed December 19 2022.http:\/\/unity3d.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["AEM Education and Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aet2.10939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T03:52:06Z","timestamp":1716263526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aet2.10939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aet2.10939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aet2.10939","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-5390","2472-5390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-5390","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-5390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}