{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:04:46Z","timestamp":1790751886747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zebu cattle (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bos indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) represent a critical livestock resource in the arid and semi\u2010arid regions, known for their disease resistance, heat tolerance and physiological hardiness. Despite their agricultural importance, the precise matrilineal evolutionary history, genetic diversity and demographic trajectory remain incompletely resolved within the broader context of South Asian cattle domestication. This study explores the phylogeographic patterns and maternal lineage diversity of zebu cattle through complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA), the D\u2010loop, and hypervariable regions from 50 individuals of 10 indigenous Pakistani breeds. These breeds were classified into three regions: North Pakistan, Central Pakistan\/Punjab (Indus Valley region) and South Pakistan (the site of Mohenjo\u2010Daro). Our data include 183 newly generated sequences and are supplemented with comparative datasets from 19 countries. Analysis reveals South Pakistan, especially the Mehrgarh area, as a key potential domestication epicentre, exhibiting highest nucleotide diversity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01480) across Asian zebu populations, accompanied by ancient maternal lineages estimated to date back approximately 2.17 million years. Highest haplotype diversity was observed in Punjab (0.901\u2009\u00b1\u20090.014) followed by Southern Pakistan (0.893\u2009\u00b1\u20090.026). Phylogenetic and demographic analyses (mismatch distribution, Fu's Fs) further support an early dispersal scenario (I1 haplogroup) originating in Mehrgarh and radiating through the Indus Valley into broader Asian lineages. These findings enhance our understanding of the domestication origins of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bos indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , its implications for breed conservation and sustainable livestock management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/age.70203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:46:42Z","timestamp":1790750802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitogenome Insights Into the Domestication and Phylogeography of Zebu Cattle: A Focus on Pakistani Breeds and Asian Lineages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9841-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quratulain","family":"Hanif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Science University of Management and Technology  Lahore Pakistan"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Science University of Management and Technology  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaneez","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Science University of Management and Technology  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qaiser Mahmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Jianlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAAS\u2010ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS)  Beijing China"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1647-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chu Zhao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005753","article-title":"The Multifaceted Origin of Taurine Cattle Reflected by the Mitochondrial Genome","volume":"4","author":"Achilli A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS 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of Pakistani Cattle Breeds Tharparkar and Red Sindhi by Microsatellite Markers","volume":"39","author":"Azam A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Biology Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaf488","article-title":"HIPSTR: Highest Independent Posterior Subtree Reconstruction in TreeAnnotator X","volume":"41","author":"Baele G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.46265\/genresj.HYNZ9140","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Intraspecific Mitochondrial DNA Variations in the Georgian Mountain Breed of \n                     Bos taurus\n                   Reveal Admixture, Introgression and Potential Parallel vs. Convergent Evolution Patterns","volume":"14","author":"Basiladze G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genetic Resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Bates J.2019.\u201cThe Origins and Development of 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