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Anat."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development of chick and rat endocardial cushions (cardiac mesenchyme) was studied histologically (using Nomarski differential interference optics on living and unfixed tissue), ultrastructurally (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), cytochemically (using acidified dialyzed iron as a visual probe for polyanionic material) and autoradiographically (using <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>S) to elucidate the origin of the mesenchyme, the morphologic sequences leading to cushion formation and secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, if any, by migrating mesenchymal cells. Cushion formation was similar for both species. Mesenchymal cells appeared initially, in 16\u2010 to 18\u2010somite embryos, beneath the endothelium (which lacked a basal lamina) of the future atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. The cytoplasm of cushion mesenchymal cells was structurally similar to the endothelium; probably these cells arose by proliferation of the endothelium. Mitotic figures among the \u201cseeded\u201d cells were also numerous. Cushion cells were initially attached to the endothelium by desmosomes but acquired motile apparatus (pseudopodia and filopodia containing microtubules and microfilamentous bundles). Serial sectioning of successively\u2010aged embryos (20\u201344 somites) indicated a centrifugal migratory direction. Interaction of the cell processes with extracellular matrix suggested that the latter was used as a migratory substrate. Contact of the advancing wedge of cushion cells with the myocardium produced no alteration in cell structure or mitotic activity. Localization of hyaluronidase\u2010sensitive, dialyzed iron (DI) precipitates in 250\u2010nm Golgi vacuoles and hyaluronidase\u2010sensitive <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>S\u2010engendered silver grains over cushion cells indicated that this tissue contributed sulfated macromolecules to the matrix. Localization of hyaluronidase\u2010labile, DI material in coated, endocytic like vesicles and caveolae also suggested potential modification or conditioning of the matrix by migrating mesenchymal cells. Altogether the study established loci in developing cushions where disruption of the developmental sequence could engender valvular or septal defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001480108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T13:53:20Z","timestamp":1109426000000},"page":"85-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":402,"title":["Structural development of endocardial cushions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Roger R.","family":"Markwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Fitzharris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis J.","family":"Manasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091470406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2164-0947.1951.tb01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(75)90339-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2081183a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090510305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0760124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Some biochemical and anatomic effects of sodium salicylate on chick embryo heart. 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