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Embryo X had a chondrocranium that possessed features typical of a holoacranial anencephalic skull and an extremely well\u2010preserved brain, in which some of the neural tracts were comparable to those in a normal control. On the other hand, embryo Y of the same stage had a completely degenerated brain, although the chondrocranium was more nearly normal and represented the precursor of a meroacranial skull. A comparison of the two cases seems to indicate a certain independence between skull and brain. Moreover, it appears possible that the disturbances are related primarily to the skeletal, and only secondarily to the nervous, component. Comparisions with experimental data allow the conclusion that the maldevelopment involves mostly paraxial mesenchyme and little or no disturbance of neural crest. The timing of the mesenchymal defect is probably as early as stages 8 and 9 (18\u201320 days). This is also the time at which mesenchymal defects can result in failure of the neural tube to close.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001900302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,27]],"date-time":"2005-02-27T02:19:54Z","timestamp":1109470794000},"page":"193-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Development of anencephaly and its variants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Fabiola","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"O'Rahilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"The anencephalic skull and a vascular theory of causation","volume":"40","author":"Abd\u2010El\u2010Malek S.","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Med. 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