{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:06:53Z","timestamp":1790723213864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of open flowers on a plant (i.e., floral display size) can influence plant fitness by increasing pollinator attraction. However, diminishing marginal fitness returns with increasing floral display are expected as pollinators tend to visit more flowers per plant consecutively. An extended flower visitation sequence increases the fraction of ovules disabled by self\u2010pollination (ovule discounting) and reduces the fraction of a plant's own pollen that is exported to sire seeds in other plants (pollen discounting). Hermaphroditic species with a genetic system that prevents self\u2010fertilization (self\u2010incompatibility) would avoid ovule discounting and its fitness cost, whereas species without such a genetically based barrier would not. Contrarily, pollen discounting would be an unavoidable consequence of a large floral display irrespective of selfing barriers. Nevertheless, the increasing fitness costs of ovule and pollen discounting could be offset by respectively increasing ovule and pollen production per flower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compiled data on floral display size and pollen and ovule production per flower for 1241 animal\u2010pollinated, hermaphroditic angiosperm species, including data on the compatibility system for 779 species. We used phylogenetic general linear mixed models to assess the relations of pollen and ovule production to floral display size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide evidence of increasing pollen production, but not of ovule production, with increasing display size irrespective of compatibility system and even after accounting for potentially confounding effects like flower size and growth form.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our comparative study supports the pollen\u2010discount expectation of an adaptive link between per\u2010flower pollen production and floral display across animal\u2010pollinated angiosperms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T14:24:21Z","timestamp":1685197461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pollen production per flower increases with floral display size across animal\u2010pollinated flowering plants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5509-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolay Leme","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ecolog\u00eda de la Polinizaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) Universidad Nacional del Comahue\u2013CONICET  8400 San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Adri\u00e1n","family":"Aizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ecolog\u00eda de la Polinizaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) Universidad Nacional del Comahue\u2013CONICET  8400 San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02838707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-080620-102159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(92)90245-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.002015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1989.tb11367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01872-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"The theory of sex allocation","author":"Charnov E. L.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1977.tb00979.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00984100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2023.152220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90239-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03043.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43550-2_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2002.00457.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder L. D. andS. D.Johnson.2005. Adaptive plasticity of floral display size in animal\u2010pollinated plants.Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences272:2651\u20132657.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder L. D. andS. D.Johnson.2023.Beyond P:O ratios: Evolutionary consequences of pollinator dependence and pollination efficiency for pollen and ovule production in angiosperms.American Journal of Botany110:e16177.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198570851.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542268.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"424","volume-title":"Flowering plant families of the world","author":"Heywood V.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mci107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-8463.2001.00560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1995.8040439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.05.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1995.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01078-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V.2022. emmeans: Estimated marginal means aka least\u2010squares means. R package version 1.7.5. Website:https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"Li M. andB.Bolker.2019.wzmli\/phyloglmm: First release of phylogenetic comparative analysis in lme4\u2010verse.Zenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2639887"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","volume-title":"Perspectives on plant population ecology","author":"Lloyd D. G.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1980.10427235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316335581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies","author":"Meagher T.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"845","article-title":"Individual flower demography, floral phenology and floral display size in Silene latifolia","volume":"3","author":"Meagher T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2004.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-44794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01237740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.06.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2011.01950.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910631117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.258.5083.791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-007-0539-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2022. R: a language and environment for statistical computing version 4.0.3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. Website:https:\/\/www.r-project.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.94.12.2059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1165-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.38.072902.092356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division.2022. Methodology: Standard country and area codes classifications. Website:https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/[accessed 20 January 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01598.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314225"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajb2.16180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T19:43:57Z","timestamp":1759866237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajb2.16180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajb2.16180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajb2.16180","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9122","1537-2197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9122","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e16180"}}