{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:30:38Z","timestamp":1778067038949,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b2\u2010Cyanoalanine synthase (\u03b2\u2010CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN). These functions are critical for all plants because HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, and especially for cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, expression of \u03b2<jats:italic>\u2010CAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aox<\/jats:italic> genes has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine \u03b2<jats:italic>\u2010CAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aox<\/jats:italic> gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis\u2010associated HCN exposure. We identified all \u03b2<jats:italic>\u2010CAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aox<\/jats:italic> gene copies present in the genome, including members of the <jats:italic>Aox1, Aox2a<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Aox2d<\/jats:italic> subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes and between damaged and undamaged leaf tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b2\u2010<jats:italic>CAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aox2a<\/jats:italic> expression was differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and tissue damage was not required to induce this increased expression. <jats:italic>Aox2d<\/jats:italic>, in contrast, appeared to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for HCN detoxification (via elevated \u03b2\u2010<jats:italic>CAS<\/jats:italic> expression) and HCN\u2010toxicity mitigation (via elevated <jats:italic>Aox2a<\/jats:italic> expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing\u2010induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate\u2010associated cyanogenesis clines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T03:51:22Z","timestamp":1693799482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (<i>Trifolium repens<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Hsi","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcl016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(00)00149-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2013.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). 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