{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T22:39:00Z","timestamp":1781217540475,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under uncertain pollinator visit conditions, plants often exhibit long flowering periods and generalized pollination systems. Flowering of the gynodioecious shrub <jats:italic>Daphne jezoensis<\/jats:italic> occurs in early spring in cool temperate forests. Pollination by nocturnal moths is expected, given the species\u2019 tubular\u2010shaped flowers with sweet fragrance and nectar. However, the effectiveness of nocturnal moths under cool conditions is unknown. We evaluated the relative importance of diurnal and nocturnal visitors as pollinators in early spring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated flowering duration, flower visitors, and floral scents in a natural population. We experimentally exposed flowers to visitors only during daytime or nighttime using bagging treatments and evaluated the contributions of diurnal and nocturnal insects to fruit set, pollen dispersal distance, and paternity diversity using 16 microsatellite markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female flowers lasted ~3 wk, which was ~8 d longer than the flowering period of hermaphrodites. Various insects, including Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera, visited the flowers during both daytime and nighttime. Flowers emitted volatiles, such as lilac aldehyde isomers and \u03b2\u2010ocimene, which are known to attract moths. Fruit\u2010set rate in the night\u2010open treatment was similar to or higher than that in the day\u2010open treatment. However, pollen dispersal distance in the night\u2010open treatment was shorter than that in the day\u2010open treatment. Paternity diversity was similar in day\u2010open and night\u2010open treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early\u2010blooming plants ensure pollen receipt and dispersal by having a long flowering period and using both diurnal and nocturnal flower visitors, suggesting the importance of a generalized pollination system under uncertain pollinator visit conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T06:39:58Z","timestamp":1693895998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Night and day: Contributions of diurnal and nocturnal visitors to pollen dispersal, paternity diversity, and fruit set in an early\u2010blooming shrub, <i>Daphne jezoensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akari","family":"Shibata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Hokkaido 060\u20100810 Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Hokkaido 060\u20100810 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaku","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Hokkaido 060\u20100810 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blac031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mch004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/371788a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ary190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b87-278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01580.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2011.03104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcx203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01237682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-016-0365-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26786\/1920-7603(2011)13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012100543-6\/50030-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2012.01239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02059810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Generalist diurnal pollination provides greater fitness in a plant with nocturnal pollination syndrome: Assessing the effects of a Silene \u2010 Hadena interaction","volume":"116","author":"Gim\u00e9nez\u2010Benavides L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.89.10.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Flora of Japan","author":"Iwatsuki K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/boj.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.2730100307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.93.9.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-021-04906-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1663\/0006-8101(2006)72[1:DADOFS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-2131.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Generalized pollination system: Are floral traits adapted to different pollinators?","volume":"8","author":"Lemaitre A. 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