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Sexual expression in the species is complex, varying from dioecy to polygamy. This study investigated (1) sexual floral development and (2) genetic markers implicated in sex determinism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The morphology and anatomy of floral organs at different developmental stages were studied using SEM observations and anatomical section. Sex determinism was explored using a genome\u2010wide association study approach, searching for correlations between 31,000 single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms and sex affiliation of 122 palms from 21 wild populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that sexual differentiation appears late in floral development of <jats:italic>T. fortunei<\/jats:italic>. Morpho\u2010anatomical characters of flowers conducive to panmixia were observed, such as well\u2010differentiated septal nectaries that are thought to promote cross\u2010pollination. At the molecular level, homozygous and heterozygous allelic systems with closely linked regions were found for sex determinism in individuals with female and \u201cdominant\u2010male\u201d phenotypes, respectively. Through our wide sampling in the southern Alps, the closely linked genetic regions in males suggest that at least fifteen percent of wild palms are the direct offspring of \u201cmales\u201d that can also produce fertile pistillate flowers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trachycarpus fortunei<\/jats:italic> is a further example of unstable sexual expression found in the family Arecaceae and represents an evolutionary path towards an XY genetic system. Our structural and genetic results may explain the high species dispersal ability in the southern Alps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T11:14:25Z","timestamp":1701170065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Not just females and males: Unravelling the complex sex determinism of the hemp palm, <i>Trachycarpus fortunei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Jousson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhyloLab and MorphoLab, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1  1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Departement of Plant Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1 1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6784-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamama","family":"Naciri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhyloLab and MorphoLab, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1  1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Departement of Plant Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1 1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Christe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhyloLab and MorphoLab, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1  1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Departement of Plant Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve Chemin de l'Imp\u00e9ratrice 1 1292 Chamb\u00e9sy Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3252-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Canton Ticino Viale C. 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