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However, our understanding is limited regarding the evolutionary mechanisms that drive the origins of dioecy in plants. The recent and repeated evolution of dioecy across angiosperms offers an opportunity to make strong inferences about the ecological, developmental, and molecular factors influencing the evolution of dioecy, and thus sex chromosomes. The genus <jats:italic>Asparagus<\/jats:italic> (Asparagaceae) is an emerging model taxon for studying dioecy and sex chromosome evolution, yet estimates for the age and origin of dioecy in the genus are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We use plastome sequences and fossil time calibrations in phylogenetic analyses to investigate the age and origin of dioecy in the genus <jats:italic>Asparagus<\/jats:italic>. We also review the diversity of sexual systems present across the genus to address contradicting reports in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimate that dioecy evolved once or twice approximately 2.78\u22123.78 million years ago in <jats:italic>Asparagus<\/jats:italic>, of which roughly 27% of the species are dioecious and the remaining are hermaphroditic with monoclinous flowers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings support previous work implicating a young age and the possibility of two origins of dioecy in <jats:italic>Asparagus<\/jats:italic>, which appear to be associated with rapid radiations and range expansion out of Africa. Lastly, we speculate that paleoclimatic oscillations throughout northern Africa may have helped set the stage for the origin(s) of dioecy in <jats:italic>Asparagus<\/jats:italic> approximately 2.78\u22123.78 million years ago.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T23:59:59Z","timestamp":1706745599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Young evolutionary origins of dioecy in the genus <i>Asparagus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2232-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip C.","family":"Bentz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30605 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy and Biotechnology Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650201 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calitzdorp 6660  Western Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4913-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calitzdorp 6660  Western Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980\u20108577 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy and Biotechnology Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650201 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4811-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Leebens\u2010Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30605 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Andrews F. 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