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Triploids typically have low fertility, leaving their occurrence apparently unlikely from an evolutionary perspective, unless they provide a \u201ctriploid bridge\u201d to generating higher\u2010fitness tetraploids\u2014which are not observed in this species. This study focused on how triploidy can be maintained in quaking aspen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A computational model was used to simulate gamete production, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, parent survival, and offspring survival in a population. All parameters were assumed to be cytotype\u2010dependent and environment\u2010independent. Sampling methods were used to identify parameter combinations consistent with observed cytotype frequencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many processes and parameter values were sufficient to yield a moderate frequency of triploids, and very few were necessary. The most plausible route involved higher triploid survival at the parent or offspring stage and limited unreduced gamete production by either diploid or triploid parents. Triploid fertility was helpful but not necessary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coexistence of diploids and triploids in quaking aspen is statistically likely and promoted by the existence\u00a0of commonly observed, long\u2010lived triploid clones. However, other mechanisms not captured by the model related to environmental variation could also occur. Further empirical data or more complex but difficult\u2010to\u2010parameterize models are needed to gain further insight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T06:55:15Z","timestamp":1714892115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Why are triploid quaking aspen (<i>Populus tremuloides<\/i>) common?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5061-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin Wong","family":"Blonder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California at Berkeley Berkeley 94720 USA CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025063123552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Apomixis in plants","author":"Asker S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/13.2.150","article-title":"Early growth of diploid, triploid and triploid hybrid aspen","volume":"13","author":"Benson M. 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