{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:46:04Z","timestamp":1781808364801,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title><jats:p>Volatile emissions from flowers and fruits play a key role in signalling to animals responsible for pollination and seed dispersal. Here, we investigated the pollination biology and chemical ecology of reproduction in <jats:italic>Apodolirion buchananii<\/jats:italic>, an African amaryllid that flowers in a leafless state soon after grassland vegetation is burnt in the dry late\u2010winter season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pollinators were identified through field collection and pollen loads were quantified. Floral traits including spectral reflectance and scent chemistry were documented. Bioassays using cup traps were used to test the function of floral volatiles. Fruiting biology was investigated using controlled hand\u2010pollination experiments and chemical analysis of fruit scent. Seed germination was scored in greenhouse trials. Seed dispersal was monitored using observations and camera trapping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sweetly scented white flowers of <jats:italic>A. buchananii<\/jats:italic> are pollen\u2010rewarding and pollinated mainly by a diverse assemblage of bees. Cup\u2010trap experiments demonstrated that pollinators are attracted to phenylacetaldehyde, the dominant volatile in the floral scent. Plants are shown to be self\u2010incompatible, and the fleshy fruits were found to emerge from the soil six months after pollination during the peak of the summer rains. Fruits emit a diverse blend of aliphatic and aromatic esters and contain large fleshy recalcitrant seeds which germinate within days of fruits splitting open. Seed dispersal by ants was recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This first account of the reproductive biology of a species in the genus <jats:italic>Apodolirion<\/jats:italic> highlights an outcrossing mating system involving bees attracted to color and scent as well as the unusual fruiting biology and ant\u2010mediated system of seed dispersal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T05:36:05Z","timestamp":1729488965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Scent\u2010mediated bee pollination and myrmecochory in an enigmatic geophyte with pyrogenic flowering and subterranean development of fleshy fruits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4616-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Kiepiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"A review and survey of basicarpy, geocarpy, and amphicarpy in the African and Madagascan flora","volume":"92","author":"Barker N. 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