{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:58:28Z","timestamp":1772117908882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Angiosperms range in sexual system from hermaphroditism through gynodioecy and androdioecy to dioecy. Trioecy, where females and males coexist with hermaphrodites, is rare. Recently, trioecy was documented in hexaploid populations of the wind\u2010pollinated herb\n                      <jats:italic>Mercurialis annua<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Spain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We surveyed the frequency of males, hermaphrodites, and females in\n                      <jats:italic>M. annua<\/jats:italic>\n                      across its distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, tracked sex\u2010ratio variation in several populations over consecutive generations, and assessed evidence for pollen limitation. In a common garden, we estimated male, female, and hermaphroditic fitness. We used controlled crosses to infer the genetic basis of male sterility. Finally, we compared predictions of a deterministic model with the distribution of observed sex ratios in the field based on our fitness estimates and the inferred genetics of sex determination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trioecy is widespread in Spanish and Portuguese populations of\n                      <jats:italic>M. annua<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Males are determined by a dominant (Y\u2010linked) allele, and female expression results from the interaction between cytoplasmic male sterility and multiple nuclear male sterility restorers partially linked to the male determiner. Male pollen production is approximately 12 times that of hermaphrodites, while female seed production is less than 1.12 times the observed hermaphroditic levels. The distribution of sex ratios in natural populations conforms with predictions of our deterministic simulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study documents and accounts for a clear case of trioecy in which sex is determined by both maternally and biparentally inherited genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1730420126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Widespread male sterility and trioecy in androdioecious\n                    <i>Mercurialis annua<\/i>\n                    : Its distribution, genetic basis, and estimates of morph\u2010specific fitness components"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Martignier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Pannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1981.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1984.tb01683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03908-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1979.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/263125a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin C.1871.The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. John Murray London UK.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.24784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/99.1.169a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Una interpretaci\u00f3n evolutiva del polimorfismo sexual de Opuntia robusta (Cactaceae)","volume":"71","author":"Del Castillo R. F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Agrociencia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6801009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2007.01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"579","article-title":"Le compl\u00e8xe \u201cMercurialis annua L. s.l.\u201d: une \u00e9tude biosyst\u00e9matique","volume":"12","author":"Durand B.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Annales des Sciences Naturelles \u2013 Botanique, Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.108977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engels W. R.2015. XNomial: exact goodness\u2010of\u2010fit test for multinomial data with fixed probabilities. Website:https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/XNomial\/vignettes\/XNomial.html","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.XNomial"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods for research workers","author":"Fisher R. A.","year":"1936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012496622060023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/103.3.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(87)90024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1997.10050803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Hlavac M.2018. Stargazer: Well\u2010formatted regression and summary statistics tables. R package version 5.2.1. Website:https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/marekhlavac\/software\/stargazer"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics","author":"Kaul M. L. H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1941.tb07028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01508307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1980.10427235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1994.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1993.0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5586\/asbp.2015.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2014-0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","unstructured":"Obbard D. J.2004.Genetic variation and sexual system evolution in the annual mercuries. Ph.D. dissertation University of Oxford Oxford UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1997.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2960627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011082827809"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/523360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102320-085812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1157570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902257106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2023.R: A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. Website:https:\/\/www.r-project.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2022.2102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/g69-086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1978.tb01107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2014.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03908-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0360:GVISLA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1994.tb02224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132008000500017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04949-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5511\/plantbiotechnology.21.0607a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002940050448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(08)60163-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution of gender forms in the phanerogamic flora","volume":"3","author":"Yampolsky C.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Bibliotheca Genetica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177706074"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajb2.16429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T19:48:41Z","timestamp":1759866521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajb2.16429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajb2.16429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajb2.16429","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.07.31.605989","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0002-9122","1537-2197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9122","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e16429"}}