{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:19:55Z","timestamp":1764494395347,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> grasses (<jats:italic>Bouteloua curtipendula<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Schizachyrium scoparium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Andropogon gerardii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sorghastrum nutans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Spartina pectinata<\/jats:italic>) dominate different portions of a moisture gradient from dry to wet tallgrass prairies in the Upper Midwest of the United States. We hypothesized that their distributions may partly reflect differences in flooding tolerance and context\u2010specific growth relative to each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested these ideas with greenhouse flooding and drought experiments, outdoor mesocosm experiments, and a natural experiment involving a month\u2010long flood in two wet\u2010mesic prairies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bouteloua<\/jats:italic> promptly succumbed to inundation, so flooding intolerance likely excludes it from wet and wet\u2010mesic prairies. Competition is likely to exclude short\u2010statured <jats:italic>Bouteloua<\/jats:italic> from productive mesic sites. <jats:italic>Schizachyrium<\/jats:italic> is excluded from wet prairies by low flooding tolerance, demonstrated by all experiments. <jats:italic>Sorghastrum<\/jats:italic> had low flooding tolerance in both greenhouse and natural experiments, suggesting that physiological intolerance excludes it from wet prairies. <jats:italic>Spartina<\/jats:italic> had by far the greatest growth under the wettest mesocosm conditions; this and comparisons of species growth in monocultures vs. mixtures suggests that competition helps it dominate wet prairies. Indeed, quadrat presence of <jats:italic>Spartina<\/jats:italic> increased by 57% two years after flooding of two prairies, while that of upland grasses declined by 44%. The high flooding tolerance, lack of significant differences from other species in drought tolerance, and tall stature of <jats:italic>Andropogon<\/jats:italic> suggest that broad physiological tolerance combined with competitive ability allows it to thrive across the prairie moisture gradient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flooding helps shape the distributions of dominant prairie grasses, and its effects may become more important as extreme rain events continue to increase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1736382848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Flood\u2010driven survival and growth of dominant C<sub>4<\/sub> grasses helps set their distributions along tallgrass prairie moisture gradients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Wernerehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Botanist, Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program Westborough 01581 MA USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Givnish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison 53706 WI USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-022-05106-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9057-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/er.25.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1672\/0277-5212(2005)025[0685:RAEFVZ]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2011.01369.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.745"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG005723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3159\/1095-5674(2006)133[267:LAOIAW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12045"},{"volume-title":"The vegetation of Wisconsin","year":"1959","author":"Curtis J. 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