{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:03:05Z","timestamp":1788048185140,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":386,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1546890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1546890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One evolutionary path from hermaphroditism to dioecy is via a gynodioecious intermediate. The evolution of dioecy may also coincide with the formation of sex chromosomes that possess sex\u2010determining loci that are physically linked in a region of suppressed recombination. Dioecious papaya (\n                      <jats:italic>Carica papaya<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) has an XY chromosome system, where the presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness. However, in cultivation, papaya is gynodioecious, due to the conversion of the male Y chromosome to a hermaphroditic Y\n                      <jats:sup>h<\/jats:sup>\n                      chromosome during its domestication.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated gene expression linked to the X, Y, and Y\n                      <jats:sup>h<\/jats:sup>\n                      chromosomes at different floral developmental stages to identify differentially expressed genes that may be involved in the sexual transition of males to hermaphrodites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 309 sex\u2010biased genes found on the sex chromosomes, most of which are found in the pseudoautosomal regions. Female (XX) expression in the sex\u2010determining region was almost double that of X\u2010linked expression in males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XY\n                      <jats:sup>h<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), which rules out dosage compensation for most sex\u2010linked genes; although, an analysis of hemizygous X\u2010linked loci found evidence of partial dosage compensation. Furthermore, we identified a candidate gene associated with sex determination and the transition to hermaphroditism, a homolog of the MADS\u2010box protein\n                      <jats:italic>SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified a pattern of partial dosage compensation for hemizygous genes located in the papaya sex\u2010determining region. Furthermore, we propose that loss\u2010of\u2010expression of the Y\u2010linked\n                      <jats:italic>SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE<\/jats:italic>\n                      homolog facilitated the transition from males to hermaphrodites in papaya.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1624355151000},"page":"1029-1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sex\u2010linked gene expression and the emergence of hermaphrodites in\n                    <i>Carica papaya<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Taylor","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Miami University Oxford OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Harkess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences Auburn University Auburn AL"},{"name":"HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology Huntsville AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard C.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Miami University Oxford OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0489-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.2019.FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 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