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Epiphytes rely on atmospheric inputs of water, making them susceptible to reductions in fog immersion, which are predicted with climate change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We experimentally reduced the fog in a Peruvian TMCF to examine the ability of eight abundant species of vascular epiphytes in the families Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Ericaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Piperaceae and Clusiaceae to respond to reduced fog immersion via plasticity in morphological and physiological traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that across all species combined, fog reduction led to a decrease in stomatal length (SL) and foliar water uptake (FWU) capacity. <jats:italic>Disterigma<\/jats:italic> sp. (Ericaceae), an epiphytic shrub, reduced leaf thickness (LT) with fog reduction, likely a result of reduced water storage. Comparing across species, we found significant differences in traits related to drought tolerance, including the turgor loss point (TLP), relative water content at TLP (RWC<jats:sub>TLP<\/jats:sub>) and osmotic potential at full saturation (<jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) indicating that two studied fern species in the <jats:italic>Elaphoglossum<\/jats:italic> genus (Dryopteridaceae) may tolerate low water potentials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results revealed that some vascular epiphyte species can adjust certain morphological and physiological traits to acclimate to reduced fog immersion. Additionally, our findings support differences in ecological strategies across epiphyte functional groups to either maximize water storage in specialized tissue or to increase drought tolerance. These results give early indications of the likely vulnerability of some epiphyte groups to projected shifts in fog immersion across TCMFs globally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:55:41Z","timestamp":1747191341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trait plasticity and adaptive strategies of vascular epiphytes to a large\u2010scale experimental reduction of fog immersion in a tropical montane cloud forest"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0773-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Anders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire 56 College Road Durham 03824 NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sybil G.","family":"Gotsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Kentucky Lexington 40546\u20100073 KY USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8269-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Vadeboncoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center University of New Hampshire Durham 03824 NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Environmental Science Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 901 87 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Environmental Science Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 901 87 Sweden"},{"name":"Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House 199 Kew Road Richmond TW9 3BW UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline B.","family":"Horwath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Sin Fines De Lucro Para La Biodiversidad, Investigaci\u00f3n Y Desarrollo Ambiental En Ecosistemas Tropicales (ABIDA), Urbanizaci\u00f3n Ucchullo Grande Avenida Argentina F\u20109 Cuzco Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9928-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darcy","family":"Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Sin Fines De Lucro Para La Biodiversidad, Investigaci\u00f3n Y Desarrollo Ambiental En Ecosistemas Tropicales (ABIDA), Urbanizaci\u00f3n Ucchullo Grande Avenida Argentina F\u20109 Cuzco Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Asbjornsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire 56 College Road Durham 03824 NH USA"},{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center University of New Hampshire Durham 03824 NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/337433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005312307709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9780801463877"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1978.tb06079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"(De)forestation and dry season flow in the tropics: a closer look","volume":"1","author":"Bruijnzeel L. 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