{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:24:32Z","timestamp":1788895472939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Climate change poses challenges to grasslands, including those of the North American Great Plains Region, where shifts in species distributions and fire dynamics are expected. Our present analysis focuses on remaining grasslands within this largely developed and agricultural region. The differential responses of C\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      and C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      grass species to future climate conditions, particularly in habitat suitability and flammability, are critical for understanding ecosystem changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used species distribution models to predict shifts in habitat suitability for 37 grass species under future climate scenarios and assessed flammability traits in a free\u2010air CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010enrichment study, focusing on species' physiological responses to elevated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , warming, and drought.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our models predicted that C\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      species will retain higher habitat suitability, while C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      species will decline. Leaf\u2010level flammability analysis showed that species with higher water\u2010use efficiency under elevated CO will have lower flammability than under non\u2010elevated, potentially decreasing the predicted rate of fire spread when such species dominate. In contrast, species with higher growth rates but lower water\u2010use efficiency may be more flammable. Species\u2010specific responses varied within functional types. Anticipated shifts in species distributions suggest C\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      species will become more dominant, potentially altering competitive dynamics and reducing C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      diversity. Changes in flammability under future conditions are expected to influence fire regimes, with a predicted decrease in mean community rate of spread due to the dominance of less\u2010flammable C\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the need for adaptive fire management and conservation strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function in North American grasslands under climate change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T08:50:19Z","timestamp":1754643019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Climate\u2010change\u2010driven shifts in C\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    and C\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    grass distributions and leaf traits could lead to changes in community\u2010level flammability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7219-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Raubenheimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109, USA MI"},{"name":"Department of Botany Rhodes University, Grahamstown  South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6497-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109, USA MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Stefanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul 55108, USA MN"},{"name":"College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin Stevens Point 54481 USA WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109, USA MI"},{"name":"Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul 55108, USA MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211466110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2004.00833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1499-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13561"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Grass species flammability, not biomass, drives changes in fire behavior at tropical forest\u2013savanna transitions","volume":"1","author":"Cardoso A. 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