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However, the minority cytotype exclusion effect can limit the persistence of polyploids, which can be mitigated by reproductive barriers such as distinct insect visitation between cytotypes. In eastern Spain, the diploid <jats:italic>C. aspera<\/jats:italic>, its related allotetraploid <jats:italic>C. seridis<\/jats:italic>, and their sterile triploid hybrid <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. \u00d7<jats:italic>subdecurrens<\/jats:italic> coexist in contact zones. Here we assessed the diversity and behavior of insects visiting these <jats:italic>Centaurea<\/jats:italic> taxa, identified factors influencing insect visitation, and explored potential changes in visitor composition and frequency across taxa in the contact zone of El Saler (Valencia, Spain).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five natural blocks (25\u201350 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) on sand dunes, each with all three plant taxa in proximity, were monitored weekly when their flowering periods overlapped. Insect visitors were identified, and number of visits and of capitula were recorded. Linear modelling was used to identify factors predicting visit frequency and differences in insect composition among plant taxa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen flying insect species visited <jats:italic>Centaurea<\/jats:italic> plants. The number of florets and the number of capitula were the strongest predictors of visit frequency, showing similar outcomes, rather than plant taxon or date. Although overall visitation rates did not significantly differ among plant taxa, insect assemblages varied. <jats:italic>Centaurea seridis<\/jats:italic> attracted a distinct set of insects compared to <jats:italic>C. aspera<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. \u00d7<jats:italic>subdecurrens<\/jats:italic>, with some insects displaying visitation biases at particular times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences in insect assemblages suggest potential prezygotic barriers that could help <jats:italic>C. seridis<\/jats:italic> overcome minority exclusion, supporting its long\u2010term establishment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T07:29:00Z","timestamp":1758612540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insect visitation patterns in diploid <i>Centaurea aspera<\/i> and its related allotetraploid and triploid hybrids: Similar rates but distinct assemblages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Garmendia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroforestal Mediterr\u00e1neo (IAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Camino de Vera s\/n Valencia 46022 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Merle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Camino de Vera s\/n Valencia 46022 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8344-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Lucio\u2010Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 per a la Gesti\u00f3 Integrada de Zones Costaneres (IGIC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Paranimf 1, 46730 Grau de Gandia Val\u00e8ncia Spain"},{"name":"Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez 2, 46980 Paterna Val\u00e8ncia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ferriol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroforestal Mediterr\u00e1neo (IAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Camino de Vera s\/n Valencia 46022 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-021-01129-1"},{"volume-title":"Predicci\u00f3n por municipios. 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