{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:42:05Z","timestamp":1772995325778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Flowers that present their anthers and stigma in close proximity can achieve precise animal\u2010mediated pollen transfer, but risk self\u2010pollination. One evolutionary solution is reciprocal herkogamy. Reciprocity of anther and style positions among different plants (i.e., a genetic dimorphism) is common in distylous plants, but very rare in enantiostylous plants. We investigated the pollination and reproductive system of the enantiostylous Caribbean plant\n                      <jats:italic>Cubanicula xanthorrhizos<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Haemodoraceae).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed stylar orientation of flowers and conducted controlled pollination experiments. We used videography of flower visitors and pollen load analysis to determine the pollination mechanism. We also measured floral morphology, pollen production, spectral reflectance, and volatile emissions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cubanicula xanthorrhizos<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits dimorphic enantiostyly with c. 50:50 left\u2010 to right\u2010styled morphs. Plants are self\u2010compatible, but pollinator dependent for seed production. Intra\u2010 and intermorph crosses are equally fertile. The nectarless flowers are pollinated by female carpenter bees (\n                      <jats:italic>Xylocopa cubaecola<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) that collect pollen, often by sonication, from two centrally positioned yellow feeding anthers. An inconspicuous deflected pollinating anther deposits pollen on the side of the bee thorax, which contacts the stigma of the mirror\u2010image morph. A yellow\u2010orange \u201cguide\u201d on the white tepals appears to be a visual attractant. Flowers emit methoxy benzenoid volatiles that may also attract bees.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reciprocity of the style with a single pollinating stamen in\n                      <jats:italic>C. xanthorrhizos<\/jats:italic>\n                      appears to promote intermorph pollen export via \u201csafe sites\u201d on pollen\u2010collecting bees. This novel case of dimorphic enantiostyly contributes to understanding of the evolution of floral polymorphisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1769080022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dimorphic enantiostyly and its function for pollination by carpenter bees in a pollen\u2010rewarding Caribbean bloodwort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Midgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town 7701 South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Bocourt\u2010Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, Depto. Biolog\u00eda Vegetal Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Habana La Habana 10400 Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. G.","family":"Loiret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, Depto. Biolog\u00eda Vegetal Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Habana La Habana 10400 Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Ortega\u2010Rod\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, Depto. Biolog\u00eda Vegetal Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Habana La Habana 10400 Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Illing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Cape Town Cape Town 7701 South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plu003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Audacity Team.2025. 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