{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T07:05:24Z","timestamp":1779519924438,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIA\u20101757324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA\u20101757324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of more than two full chromosome sets, polyploidy, is an important component in plant evolution. However, knowledge of the frequency of polyploidization and which pathways contribute to polyploid formation and gene flow among cytotypes remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Flow cytometry and chromosome counts were used to determine genome size of\n                      <jats:italic>Artemisia tridentata<\/jats:italic>\n                      parents and offspring. Reduced\u2010representation sequencing was used on the parents, offspring, and conspecific taxa to confirm genetic relationships among parents and offspring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A polyploidization rate of 0.22% was determined from seedlings of diploid parents producing one triploid and one tetraploid. Genome\u2010size estimates coupled with chromosome counts provide evidence for both one\u2010step and two\u2010step pathways in\n                      <jats:italic>A. tridentata<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A wild triploid produced viable offspring with varied aneuploidy (2\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918\u2009+\u20091 to 4\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936 \u2013 4) and genome sizes ranging from 11\u2009pg to 18.2\u2009pg.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results indicate that one\u2010 and two\u2010step pathways to WGD can occur in\n                      <jats:italic>A. tridentata<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The two\u2010step pathway could provide a mechanism for bidirectional gene flow via triploid bridge. These pathways could generate substantial genomic variation within the\n                      <jats:italic>A. tridentata<\/jats:italic>\n                      polyploid complex. Given the fecundity and WGD rates in this species, the generation of polyploid offspring from diploid progenitors can be relevant to environmental adaptation at generational timescales.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T06:33:26Z","timestamp":1779518006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["One\u2010step, two\u2010step: Whole\u2010genome\u2010duplication pathways in\n                    <i>Artemisia tridentata<\/i>\n                    and potential consequences for genome evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2965-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas P.","family":"Grossfurthner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow 83843 ID USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul","family":"Islam\u2010Faridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station 77843 TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Hohenlohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow 83843 ID USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1323-0812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisette P.","family":"Waits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow 83843 ID USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryce A.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service Moscow 83843 ID USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcae096","article-title":"Ploidy as a leaky reproductive barrier: mechanisms, rates and evolutionary significance of interploidy gene flow","volume":"134","author":"Bartoli\u0107 P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19969","article-title":"Polyploidy and environmental stress response: a comparative study of fern gametophytes","volume":"245","author":"Blake\u2010Mahmud J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12679","article-title":"Climate adaption and post\u2010fire restoration of a foundational perennial in cold desert: insights from intraspecific variation in response to weather","volume":"54","author":"Brabec M. 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