{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:07:29Z","timestamp":1787875649730,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The coexistence of females and hermaphrodites, or gynodioecy, requires that females have a reproductive advantage over hermaphrodites in offspring quality and\/or quantity. Female advantage can be mediated by a variety of ecological factors, including interactions with antagonists such as pre\u2010dispersal seed predators. We compared differential rates of seed predation on hermaphrodites and females in\n                      <jats:italic>Sidalcea campestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      to assess the potential role of seed predators in gynodioecy maintenance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We evaluated rates of seed predation in 28 populations of\n                      <jats:italic>S. campestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a gynodioecious, insect\u2010pollinated herbaceous perennial. By dissecting fruits of hermaphrodite and female plants in each site, we tested how plant sex and population female frequency influence the proportion of fertilized ovules consumed by pre\u2010dispersal seed predators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The specialist pre\u2010dispersal weevil seed predator\n                      <jats:italic>Macrorhoptus sidalceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 24 (86%) study populations. Across all sites, average predation levels ranged from zero to 85%. Seed predation rates were approximately 1.35\u00d7 higher in hermaphrodites than in females. Seed predation rates were unaffected by population\u2010level female frequency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hermaphrodite fruits experienced higher seed predation rates than female fruits, regardless of population female frequency. Pre\u2010dispersal seed predators may influence sex\u2010specific reproductive success and potentially contribute to female advantage in\n                      <jats:italic>S. campestris<\/jats:italic>\n                      , though additional ecological and genetic factors may regulate population female frequency in this system. Our study highlights the importance of considering how non\u2010pollinator agents of selection, such as seed predators, potentially influence floral trait evolution and the evolution of sexual systems more broadly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:37:26Z","timestamp":1778672246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex\u2010biased seed predation in a gynodioecious species,\n                    <i>Sidalcea campestris<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9294-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooklyn A.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis 97331 Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis 97331 Oregon USA"},{"name":"Quamash EcoResearch Olympia 98506 Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. 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