{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:58:23Z","timestamp":1785463103298,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,23]],"date-time":"2027-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1813708800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Title Vb P031M190029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Title Vb P031M190029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68885\u2010EVREP and W911NF\u201016\u20101\u20100556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68885\u2010EVREP and W911NF\u201016\u20101\u20100556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008508","name":"California State Polytechnic University, Pomona","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bamboos have extremely long internodes, making it possible to measure tensile properties and anatomical features of discrete nodes and internodes and understand how the plants endure mechanical stress and how the tissues function in commercial products. We compared upper, middle, and lower parts of culms in black bamboo,\n                      <jats:italic>Phyllostachys nigra<\/jats:italic>\n                      , to determine whether the nodes comply with the Niklas spring\u2010like joint model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We measured flexural stiffness, modulus of elasticity (\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), load at failure (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), modulus of rupture (MOR), and density and fiber cap size of vascular bundles and assessed bundle orientations. Microcomputed tomography (microCT) during bending tests were used to determine sites of failure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regardless of shoot position, nodes were less stiff (lower\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and weaker (lower MOR) than adjacent internodes. However,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      was similar or greater in the nodes, suggesting nodes absorb considerable strain energy. Vascular bundle density was highest in the top internodes and nodes. Apparently, in lower nodes, sustained primary growth thickened the ground tissue between bundles, while size of the fiber caps also increased. Whole\u2010shoot bending experiments and microCT indicated that failure occurred first in hollow internodes parallel to the vertical vascular bundles, not at nodes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vascular bundle positioning and composition allows nodes to bend and absorb considerable strain energy while resisting breakage, consistent with the spring\u2010like joint model of the node. Sustained primary growth allows stems to thicken near the base to remain mechanically adequate. Bamboo nodes are thus areas of remarkable resilience; they will not break before internode tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:09:35Z","timestamp":1782281375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanics and anatomical investigation on the nodes and internodes of an arborescent monocotyledon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Desiree Micaela","family":"Monarrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University Pomona 91768 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Bobich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University Pomona 91768 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilupanur","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering California State Polytechnic University Pomona 91768 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Brandon","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology California State University Bakersfield 93311 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology California State University Bakersfield 93311 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2226-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank W.","family":"Ewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University Pomona 91768 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-20170205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14041955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1300260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Integrative plant anatomy","author":"Dickison W. 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