{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:14:03Z","timestamp":1790079243447,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Premise<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our knowledge of bird\u2013flower interactions in Asia is limited. Here, we investigated the pollination ecology of three\n                      <jats:italic>Phlogacanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species that differ substantially in floral tube length. The floral tubes of bird\u2010pollinated flowers may either correspond to the bill length of the primary bird pollinator, or relatively short\u2010tubed flowers may be pollinated by both short\u2010 and relatively long\u2010billed birds. The pollination systems of the three\n                      <jats:italic>Phlogacanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species may differ in traits other than floral tube length, reflecting their association with different bird groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed floral visitors at multiple sites over multiple years and compared pollination effectiveness and foraging behavior between bird visitors. We also measured floral traits, including corolla morphology and color and nectar quality and quantity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The short\u2010, medium\u2010, and long\u2010tubed\n                      <jats:italic>Phlogacanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were mainly or solely pollinated by short\u2010, medium\u2010, and long\u2010billed birds, respectively. The visitor assemblage of the short\u2010flowered species varied considerably with the population in terms of bird species, genus, or family relative to those of the other two\n                      <jats:italic>Phlogacanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Sunbirds and spiderhunters occasionally hovered to extract nectar. The floral height of the inflorescence determined whether the birds hovered or perched. Although all three\n                      <jats:italic>Phlogacanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are bird\u2010pollinated, they also differ in their nectar and floral morphological traits. These differences likely reflect additional adaptations to distinct bird groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three Phlogacanthus species represent distinct pollination systems connected to the three bird\u2010pollination niches in Asia. Our study provides novel natural historical details associated with bird\u2013flower interactions in Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:31:48Z","timestamp":1789623108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bird pollination in three species of\n                    <i>Phlogacanthus<\/i>\n                    and its broader implications for bird\u2013flower interactions in Asia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang\u2010Qiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences Guilin 541006 Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Conservation Bureau of Yunnan Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve Mangshi 678400 Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying\u2010Ze","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong\u2010Liverpool University Suzhou Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"},{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Dong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Qiong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla 666303 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6443-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang\u2010Bang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Conservation Bureau of Yunnan Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve Mangshi 678400 Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/435041a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Sunbirds: a guide to the sunbirds, flowerpeckers, spiderhunters, and sugarbirds of the world","author":"Cheke R. 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