{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:08:25Z","timestamp":1789211305028,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Premise<\/jats:title>\n \n Given the threats of climate change, we investigated the impact of high temperatures separately and in combination with reduced soil water on leaf heat tolerance for five oaks (Fagaceae) with overlapping ranges in southern California, USA:\n Quercus agrifolia<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Q. chrysolepis<\/jats:italic>\n (evergreen species),\n Q. douglasii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Q. lobata<\/jats:italic>\n (winter\u2010deciduous), and\n Q. engelmannii<\/jats:italic>\n (drought\u2010deciduous).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Leaf heat tolerance was measured in two seasons for\n Q. agrifolia<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Q. engelmannii<\/jats:italic>\n at the Huntington Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California and for container\u2010grown saplings of three other oak species at Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. At both sites, control plants received regular water, and dry plants received one third that amount. Between measurement periods, plants experienced one or more heat waves (each with three or more consecutive days exceeding 32.2\u00b0C). For measuring heat tolerance, leaves were submerged in water baths from 20\u00b0 to 60\u00b0C, then dark\u2010adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n v<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n F<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n ) was measured to assess damage to photosystem II.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Leaf heat tolerance differed due to prior heat exposure, soil moisture, leaf habit, and species identity. Leaves under dry conditions were more heat tolerant than under well\u2010watered conditions, and leaves of evergreen species were more tolerant than those of winter\u2010deciduous and drought\u2010deciduous species, as indicated by values of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n , the temperature at which\n F<\/jats:italic>\n v<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n F<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n was reduced by 50%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n We suggest that prior exposure to dry conditions and heat waves primed these oaks, particularly the evergreen species, to better endure future heat episodes, at least in the short term.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:00:03Z","timestamp":1789210803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to heat waves and drought improves subsequent leaf heat tolerance for five oak species in southern California"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Casey D.","family":"Wisely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Olivia Plumb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira N.","family":"Ranganath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Dolida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishan","family":"Ashford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Luethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Huntington Botanical Gardens San Marino 91108 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen B.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles 90041 CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17640","article-title":"Repeated extreme heat waves result in higher leaf thermal tolerances and greater safety margins","volume":"232","author":"Ahrens C. 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