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To address this gap, we studied wild cotton (\n                      <jats:italic>Gossypium hirsutum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) defensive responses to different herbivory amounts and degrees of dispersion among leaves using the specialist caterpillar\n                      <jats:italic>Alabama argillacea<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Erebidae).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four herbivory treatments differing in the amount and spatial distribution were applied to 4\u2010month\u2010old plants: no herbivory (controls), low (two caterpillars: one on each of two leaves), high\u2010concentrated (four caterpillars: one pair on each of two leaves), and high\u2010dispersed (four caterpillars: one on each of four leaves). We measured extrafloral nectar (EFN) and phenolics, both resistance\u2010related traits, and as a proxy for tolerance, regrowth capacity (new leaf biomass post\u2010herbivory). To differentiate local from systemic induction, we measured EFN and phenolics separately for damaged and undamaged leaves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EFN was significantly and more consistently induced in damaged leaves (i.e., stronger local induction) and in response to high\u2010dispersed damage, but phenolics were unaffected by the treatment. Biomass of new leaves produced post herbivory was similar to that of controls for most treatment groups, except for high\u2010concentrated damage (lower than controls), suggesting this damage treatment incurred higher costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight the importance of studying induced plant defenses under various herbivory patterns and suggest that the spatial distribution of within\u2010plant damage has contrasting effects on resistance\u2010 (namely EFN) versus tolerance\u2010related induced responses of importance for wild cotton growth and ant\u2010plant interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:37:27Z","timestamp":1792143447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The intensity and spatial dispersion of within\u2010plant herbivory drive trait\u2010specific resistance and tolerance in wild cotton"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n Km. 15.5 Carretera M\u00e9rida\u2010Xtmakuil s\/n Merida 97200 Yucat\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1901-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeyson","family":"Briones\u2010May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n Km. 15.5 Carretera M\u00e9rida\u2010Xtmakuil s\/n Merida 97200 Yucat\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n Km. 15.5 Carretera M\u00e9rida\u2010Xtmakuil s\/n Merida 97200 Yucat\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Cacheda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misi\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Galicia (MBG\u2010CSIC) Apdo. 28 Pontevedra 36080 Galicia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xoaqu\u00edn","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misi\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Galicia (MBG\u2010CSIC) Apdo. 28 Pontevedra 36080 Galicia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted C. 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