{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:57:57Z","timestamp":1773046677936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006818","name":"University of Missouri-St. Louis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Comm Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal research following discreet traumatic events reveals distinct symptom trajectories in untreated survivors of trauma. Trajectories within communities exposed to shared, prolonged violence involving subgroups differing in perspectives, and roles during the event have not been studied. This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depressive symptoms secondary to exposure to violence during civil unrest in citizens (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0311) and law enforcement (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0255) over 1.5\u00a0years following exposure. Latent class growth modeling was used to examine trajectories of PTS and depressive symptoms. Four\u2010class quadratic solutions for both PTS and depressive symptoms demonstrated best fit. Similar patterns emerged for such that most participants were classified as resistant (57% and 67%, respectively), followed by resilience (23.8% and 17.2%), chronic (12.6% and 12.0%), and worsening (6.1% and 4.4%). When all predictors were entered in a single model, race, and membership in citizen or law enforcement groups did not distinguish trajectories of recovery. Higher income and social support emerged as consistent protective factors against PTS and depressive symptoms, while trauma history emerged as a risk factor for PTS. Women were more at risk for depressive symptoms only. Implications for improving police\/civilian relations in Ferguson, Missouri, and other communities are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T17:44:16Z","timestamp":1537206256000},"page":"433-448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress and Depression in Police and Community Members Following the Violence during Civil Unrest in Ferguson, Missouri"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Tara E.","family":"Galovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri\u2010St. Louis St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Fox\u2010Galalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06091491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Bagalman E. &Cornell A. S.(2018).Prevalence of Mental Illness in the United States: Data Sources and Estimates. Congressional Research Service 7\u20105700. Available from:www.crs.govR43047 [last accessed January 19 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612457389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.3.265b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Clasen\u2010Kelly F.(2016 October 31).Did CMPD use to much force\u2014or too little\u2014during protests? The Charlotte Observer. Available from:http:\/\/www.charlotteobserver.com\/news\/local\/article111593532.html[last accessed October 31 2016]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"363","volume-title":"The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Volume 3: Instruments for adults","author":"Eaton W. W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Funke D. &Susman T.(2016 July 12).From Ferguson to Baton Rouge: Deaths of Black men and women at the hands of police.Los Angeles Times. Available from:http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/nation\/la-na-police-deaths-20160707-snap-htmlstory.html[last accessed October 31 2016]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104269954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society","volume":"61","author":"Kessler R. C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9634-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Mplus 7.11","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9156-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2014.77.4.386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. (2015).Find report of the president's task force on 21st century policing.Washington DC:Office of Community Oriented Policing Services."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"The president's task force on 21st century policing: Procedural justice, policing, and public health","volume":"40","author":"Smoot S. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southern Illinois University Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration(2018).Report and Detailed Tables from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available from:https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/samhsa-data-outcomes-quality\/major-data-collections\/reports-detailed-tables-2015-NSDUH[last accessed October 31 2016]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"Washington University and St. Louis University(2015).For the Sake of All. Available from: Forthesakeofall.org\/publications\/report\/errata\u2010july2015 [last accessed July 31 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Litz B. T. Keane T. M. Palmieri P. A. Marx B. P. &Schnurr P. P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105). Available from:www.ptsd.va[last accessed October 31 2016]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Community Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajcp.12273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajcp.12273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T02:27:03Z","timestamp":1694572023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajcp.12273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajcp.12273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12273","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0562","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}