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Using critical psychology, border, and detention scholarship, it highlights psychologists' historical complicity in state violence, from the U.S. Enhanced Interrogation Program to current border regimes. We argue that the structural conditions of migrant detention, characterized by profound dehumanization and harm, make ethical psychological practice in these torturing environments impossible. We analyzed the APA Ethics Code guidance, including reforms addressing past abuses and revisions focusing on human rights, social justice, and systemic accountability. Using our research, activism, and other evidence, we examine various psychologist responses to the torturous violence in detention operations. We contend that existing ethical frameworks remain inadequate for navigating the constitutive harms of carceral border systems. Using a post\u2010conventional ethical framework, we call for a liberation\u2010oriented psychological praxis that, grounded in an ethos of radical refusals and healing justice, resists complicity, rejects neutrality, and speaks truth to power to interrupt systems of violence. This is what we call a\n                    <jats:italic>psychology of resistance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We argue that psychologists have an ethical duty to engage in transformative and liberatory efforts, including detention abolition, and contribute to collective struggles for everyone's freedom to move, to stay and to breathe.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:20:01Z","timestamp":1789579201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immigration detention centers as torturing environments: Ethical reckonings, radical refusals, and implications for a psychology of resistance"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Cenestrari\u201d University of Bologna Cesena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica de","family":"Cordova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Manek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe\u2010University Frankfurt\/Main Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Buckingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti\u2010Prison Collective\/Collettivo Psicologia Anticarceraria Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6096-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Tommasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milan \u2013 Department of Social and Political Sciences Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences National Louis University Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"The American Psychological Association and the torture complex: A phenomenology of the banality and workings of bureaucracy","volume":"25","author":"Aalbers D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Psychologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"State of exception","author":"Agamben G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0260210521000590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429264375-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (APA). 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