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HbF concentration was modeled as a continuous variable with values in a finite interval using a novel Bayesian approach. We first tested the associations of SNPs with HbF in a group of 1,518 adults and children (CSSCD study), and validated the results in a second independent group of 211 adults (MSH study). In subjects aged \u226524 years, 5 SNPs in <jats:italic>TOX<\/jats:italic> (8q12.1), 2 SNPs in the \u03b2\u2010globin gene\u2010like cluster, 2 SNPs in the Xp QTL, and 1 SNP in chromosome 15q22 were associated with HbF in the CSSCD and also validated in the MSH. Four other SNPs in 15q22 were associated with HbF only in the larger CSSCD data. When patients aged &lt;24 years in the CSSCD were examined, additional genes, including 4 with roles in nitric oxide metabolism, were associated with HbF level. These studies confirm prior analyses using traditional analytical approaches showing associations of SNPs in <jats:italic>TOX, GPM6B<\/jats:italic>, and the \u03b2\u2010globin gene\u2010like cluster with HbF levels. We also identified an additional candidate regulatory region in chromosome 15q22 that is associated with HbF level. By stratifying patients by age, our results also suggest that different genes might modulate the rate of decline of HbF and the final level of HbF levels in sickle cell anemia. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,4]],"date-time":"2007-10-04T22:17:19Z","timestamp":1191536239000},"page":"189-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: Bayesian modeling of genetic associations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Sebastiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikki G.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Melista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianli","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clinton T.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.11.5039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107043250103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the humeral head in sickle cell disease","volume":"283","author":"Milner PF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.2.643.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Polymorphisms near a chromosome 6q QTL area are associated with modulation of fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell anemia","volume":"50","author":"Wyszynski DF","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy\u2010le\u2010grand)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.3.816.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330512331390627"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-2113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7182.542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.1997.0136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.4.1604.bloodjournal8741604","article-title":"Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: Relation to regulatory sequences cis to the \u03b2\u2010globin gene. 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