{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:09:32Z","timestamp":1770692972439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic antigenic stimulation is associated with hypergamma\u2010globulinemia. Higher rates of hypergamma\u2010globulinemia in tropical populations are maintained even with migration to temperate regions. We conducted a population\u2010based screening study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for hypergamma\u2010globulinemia in Ghana, Africa. 917 Ghanaian males (50\u201374 years) underwent in\u2010person interviews and health examinations. Serum from all persons was analyzed by electrophoresis performed on agarose gel; serum with a discrete\/localized band was subjected to immunofixation. 54 persons with monoclonal proteins were excluded and 17 samples were insufficient for analysis. Using logistic regression and Chi\u2010square statistics we analyzed patterns of hypergamma\u2010globulinemia. Among 846 study subjects, the median \u03b3\u2010globulin level was 1.86 g\/dL. On the basis of a U.S. reference, 616 (73%) had hypergamma\u2010globulinemia (&gt;1.6 g\/dL) and 178 (21%) had \u03b3\u2010globulin levels &gt;2.17 gm\/dl. On multivariate analyses, lower education status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0013) and never smoking (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.038) were associated with increased \u03b3\u2010globulin levels. Self\u2010reported history of syphilis was associated with hypergamma\u2010globulinemia. We conclude that three quarters of this population\u2010based adult Ghanaian male sample had hypergamma\u2010globulinemia with \u03b3\u2010globulin levels &gt;1.6 g\/dL. Future studies are needed to uncover genetic and environmental underpinnings of our finding, and to define the relationship between hypergamma\u2010globulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and multiple myeloma. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]],"date-time":"2011-03-30T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1301491528000},"page":"554-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["High prevalence of polyclonal hypergamma\u2010globulinemia in adult males in Ghana, Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Francis","family":"Buadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann W.","family":"Hsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry A.","family":"Katzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Waxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Biritwum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa W.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"DeMarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George J.","family":"Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Dispenzieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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