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The AML cells also show constitutive release of several cytokines and the systemic serum levels of several soluble mediators are altered in patients with untreated AML. In the present study, we have investigated serum levels of HSP70\/HSP90 and the serum cytokine profiles of patients with untreated AML and patients receiving AML\u2010stabilizing palliative treatment based on all\u2010trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus valproic acid. Patients with untreated AML showed increased HSP90 levels and a distinct serum cytokine profile when compared with healthy controls, and low pre\u2010therapy HSP90 levels were associated with a prolonged survival during treatment with ATRA + valproic acid + theophyllin. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a close association between HSP70, HSP90, IL\u20101 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101ra), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels. Furthermore, disease\u2010stabilizing therapy altered the serum\u2010cytokine profile, but the correlations between HSP70\/HSP90\/IL\u20101ra\/HGF were maintained only when ATRA + valproic acid were combined with theophyllin but not when combined with cytarabine. We conclude that both HSP levels and serum cytokine profiles are altered and may represent possible therapeutic targets or prognostic markers in human AML. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T12:55:38Z","timestamp":1326286538000},"page":"368-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Disease\u2010stabilizing treatment with all\u2010trans retinoic acid and valproic acid in acute myeloid leukemia: Serum hsp70 and hsp90 levels and serum cytokine profiles are determined by the disease, patient age, and anti\u2010leukemic treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Hanne","family":"Fredly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Reikvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn 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