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The major criteria for the syndrome are polyradiculoneuropathy, clonal plasma cell disorder (PCD), sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, and the presence of Castleman disease. Minor features include organomegaly, endocrinopathy, characteristic skin changes, papilledema, extravascular volume overload, and thrombocytosis. Diagnoses are often delayed because the syndrome is rare and can be mistaken for other neurologic disorders, most commonly chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. POEMS syndrome should be distinguished from the Castleman disease variant of POEMS syndrome, which has no clonal PCD and typically little to no peripheral neuropathy but has several of the minor diagnostic criteria for POEMS syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Diagnosis<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of POEMS syndrome is made with three of the major criteria, two of which must include polyradiculoneuropathy and clonal PCD, and at least one of the minor criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Risk Stratification<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because the pathogenesis of the syndrome is not well understood, risk stratification is limited to clinical phenotype rather than specific molecular markers. Risk factors include low serum albumin, age, pleural effusion, pulmonary hypertension, and reduced eGFR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Risk\u2010Adapted Therapy<\/jats:title><jats:p>For those patients with a dominant sclerotic plasmacytoma, first line therapy is irradiation. Patients with diffuse sclerotic lesions or disseminated bone marrow involvement and for those who have progression of their disease 3 to 6 months after completing radiation therapy should receive systemic therapy. Corticosteroids are temporizing, but alkylators are the mainstay of treatment, either in the form of low dose conventional therapy or high dose with stem cell transplantation. Lenalidomide shows promise with manageable toxicity. Thalidomide and bortezomib also have activity, but their benefit needs to be weighed against their risk of exacerbating the peripheral neuropathy. Prompt recognition and institution of both supportive care measures and therapy directed against the plasma cell result in the best outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T06:51:29Z","timestamp":1556002289000},"page":"812-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["POEMS Syndrome: 2019 Update on diagnosis, risk\u2010stratification, and management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8780-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Dispenzieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Division of Clinical Chemistry Mayo Clinic  Rochester 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