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The re\u2010transfusion of stored erythrocyte concentrates is particularly attractive to high\u2010performance athletes as this practice improves their oxygen capacity excessively. However, there is still no reliable detection method available. Analyzing circulating microRNA profiles of human subjects that underwent monitored autologous blood transfusions seems to be a highly promising approach to develop novel biomarkers for autologous blood doping. In this exploratory study, we randomly divided 30 healthy males into two different treatment groups and one control group and sampled whole blood at several time points at baseline, after whole blood donation and after transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates. Hematological variables were recorded and analyzed following the adaptive model of the Athlete Biological Passport. microRNA profiles were examined by small RNA sequencing and comprehensive multivariate data analyses, revealing microRNA fingerprints that reflect the sampling time point and transfusion volume. Neither individual microRNAs nor a signature of transfusion\u2010dependent microRNAs reached superior sensitivity at 100% specificity compared to the Athlete Biological Passport (\u226411% 6\u2009h after transfusion versus \u226444% 2\u2009days after transfusion). However, the window of autologous blood doping detection was different. Due to the heterogenous nature of doping, with athletes frequently combining multiple medications in order to both gain a competitive advantage and interfere with known testing methods, the true applicability of the molecular signature remains to be validated in real anti\u2010doping testings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T02:56:30Z","timestamp":1608173790000},"page":"338-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["On the trail of blood doping\u2014<scp>microRNA<\/scp> fingerprints to monitor autologous blood transfusions in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4539-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Mussack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology and Immunology School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Transfusion Medicine, Cell therapeutics and Haemostaseology University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Pfaffl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology and Immunology School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency. 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